{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:27:29Z","timestamp":1792189649631,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,18]],"date-time":"2010-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1274140800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since Kenya first reported Rift Valley fever (RVF)-like disease in livestock in 1912, the country has reported the most frequent epizootics of RVF disease. To determine the pattern of disease spread across the country after its introduction in 1912, and to identify regions vulnerable to the periodic epizootics, annual livestock disease records at the Department of Veterinary Services from 1910 to 2007 were analysed in order to document the number and location of RVF-infected livestock herds. A total of 38\/69 (55%) administrative districts in the country had reported RVF epizootics by the end of 2007. During the 1912\u20131950 period, the disease was confined to a district in Rift Valley province that is prone to flooding and where livestock were raised in proximity with wildlife. Between 1951 and 2007, 11 national RVF epizootics were recorded with an average inter-epizootic period of 3\u00b76 years (range 1\u20137 years); in addition, all epizootics occurred in years when the average annual rainfall increased by more than 50% in the affected districts. Whereas the first two national epizootics in 1951 and 1955 were confined to eight districts in the Rift Valley province, there was a sustained epizootic between 1961 and 1964 that spread the virus to over 30% of the districts across six out of eight provinces. The Western and Nyanza provinces, located on the southwestern region of the country, had never reported RVF infections by 2007. The probability of a district being involved in a national epizootic was fivefold higher (62%) in districts that had previously reported disease compared to districts that had no prior disease activity (11%). These findings suggests that once introduced into certain permissive ecologies, the RVF virus becomes enzootic, making the region vulnerable to periodic epizootics that were probably precipitated by amplification of resident virus associated with heavy rainfall and flooding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268810001020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,18]],"date-time":"2010-05-18T08:45:34Z","timestamp":1274172334000},"page":"372-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"R. M.","family":"MURITHI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"MUNYUA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"ITHONDEKA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"MACHARIA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"HIGHTOWER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. T.","family":"LUMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. F.","family":"BREIMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. KARIUKI","family":"NJENGA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.265"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.028"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806490106"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref024","unstructured":"24. Kenya Meteorological Department. Annual total rainfall, Nairobi Kenya, 14 May 2009."},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref020","article-title":"Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock in Kenya 2006\u20132007","author":"Munyua","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref022","unstructured":"22. Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics. Kenya districts for the 1999 population census. Central Bureau of Statistics, 1999."},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref013","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever outbreak \u2013 Kenya, November 2006\u2013January 2007","volume":"56","year":"2007","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref023","unstructured":"23. International Livestock Research Institute. GIS services (http:\/\/www.ilri.org\/gis\/). Accessed 10 November 2009."},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref004","first-page":"51","volume-title":"The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology","volume":"4","author":"Meegan","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009806"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref021","article-title":"Investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, 2006\u20137: clues and enigmas concerning Rift Valley fever outbreaks and their prevention","author":"Nguku","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01746.x"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000149174"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref025","first-page":"1131","article-title":"The persistence of rift valley fever in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Elfadil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref027","first-page":"331","article-title":"The potential role of pigs in the enzootic cycle of rift valley Fever at Alexandria governorate, Egypt","volume":"84","author":"Youssef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Egypt Public Health Association"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010023"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref009","first-page":"137","article-title":"Rift Valley fever in Egypt, October\u2013December 1977","volume":"53","author":"El","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref014","first-page":"105","article-title":"WHO Report: An outbreak of Rift valley fever, East Africa, 1997\u20131998","volume":"15","year":"1998","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049633"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref016","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus activity during inter-epidemic periods: Identification of potential vectors and detection of antibodies in livestock","author":"Rostal","year":"in press","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2001000700022"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref006","first-page":"613","article-title":"Rift Valley fever","volume":"23","author":"Gerdes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1934.s1-14.547"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378747"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700340418"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92110-6"},{"key":"S0950268810001020_ref005","first-page":"100","article-title":"Rift Valley fever in Egypt: an overview of epizootics in 1977 and 1978","volume":"3","author":"Meegan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Contributions to Epidemiology and Biostatistics"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268810001020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T19:17:19Z","timestamp":1556392639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268810001020\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268810001020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268810001020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,18]]}}}