{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T08:25:11Z","timestamp":1774599911602,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285632000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2005, over 600 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever cases occurred in South Africa, where an outbreak had been previously described in 1993. Case-control and molecular investigations, including <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhi (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi) isolates from that area from 1993, 2005 and later, were undertaken. Controls were significantly older than cases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7003), possibly due to immunity from previous infection, and a significantly larger proportion had attended a gathering (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7035). Exposure to commercial food outlets and person-to-person transmission was not significant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus tandem repeat analysis revealed common clusters of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi strains identified in 1993 and 2005 as well as in 2007 and 2009. This outbreak probably occurred in a non-immune population due to faecally contaminated water. <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi strains appeared to be related to strains from 1993; failure to address unsafe water may lead to further outbreaks in the area if the current population immunity wanes or is lost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268810002207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T06:56:55Z","timestamp":1285657015000},"page":"1239-1245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Molecular epidemiological investigation of a typhoid fever outbreak in South Africa, 2005: the relationship to a previous epidemic in 1993"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"K. 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