{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:09:20Z","timestamp":1791173360659,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315785600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injecting drug users (IDUs) account for most new HCV infections. The objectives of this study were: to estimate the force of infection for hepatitis C virus in IDUs within the interval-censoring framework and to determine the impact of risk factors such as frequency of injection, drug injected, sharing of syringes and time of first injection on the time to HCV infection. We used data from the Amsterdam Cohort Study collected in The Netherlands and focused on those individuals who were HCV negative upon entry into the study. Based on the results, the force of infection was found to vary with time of first injection. The risk of infection was higher in the first 3 years of an IDU's career, implying estimates based on single cross-sectional studies could be biased. Frequency of injection and type of drug injected were found to be highly significant predictors, whereas sharing syringes was not.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268811001750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T16:56:49Z","timestamp":1315846609000},"page":"1064-1074","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Estimating the force of infection for HCV in injecting drug users using interval-censored data"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"CASTRO-S\u00c1NCHEZ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"SHKEDY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"HENS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"AERTS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"GESKUS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"PRINS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"WIESSING","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"KRETZSCHMAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01912.x"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3660"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1976.tb01597.x","article-title":"The empirical distribution with arbitrarily grouped censored and truncated data","volume":"38","author":"Turnbull","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9089-7"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200206140-00011"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref020","first-page":"17","article-title":"Injecting drug use in Europe: stable or declining","volume":"15","author":"Wiessing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20486"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref008","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Flexible statistical models for microbial risk assessment and infectious diseases [dissertation]","author":"Namata","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.5.356"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2699"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","article-title":"Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm (with discussion)","volume":"39","author":"Dempster","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990781"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200307010-00012"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2006.00725.x"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Del Fava , Joint modeling of HCV and HIV infections among injecting drug users in Italy using repeated cross-sectional prevalence data. Statistical communications in infectious diseases. Published online: 24 May 2011. doi:10.2202\/1948-4690.1009.","DOI":"10.2202\/1948-4690.1009"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317607"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref003","volume-title":"The Statistical Analysis of Interval-Censored Failure Time Data","author":"Sun","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-21645-6_12","volume-title":"Survival Analysis techniques for Censored and Truncated Data","author":"Klein","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.35065"},{"key":"S0950268811001750_ref012","unstructured":"12. Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV (ACS). Annual report 2008. 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