{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:03:50Z","timestamp":1790989430846,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325635200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>are intestinal parasites of humans and of many other species of animals. Water constitutes an important route of transmission for human infections in both developed and developing countries. In Poland, contamination of water sources with oocysts\/cysts is not routinely monitored and scientific research in this field is scarce. Our aim was to compare the contamination of surface and treated water and thus the success of water treatment processes. Water samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=94) of between 30 l (surface water) to over 1000 l for tap water, were taken in the period of 2008\u20132009 using specially constructed equipment with cartridge filtration (Filta-Max; IDEXX, USA). Immunofluorescent assay, and nested polymerase chain reaction were used for the detection of parasites.<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>oocysts were found in 85% of surface water and in 59% of raw (intake) water samples. Oocysts were also detected in treated water (16%) but were absent in samples of swimming pool water. The highest mean number of<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>oocysts [geometric mean (GM)=61\/10 l] was found in samples of rinsing water.<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>cysts were observed in 61% of surface water samples, in 6% of raw water and in 19% of treated water, with the highest number of cysts noted in rinsing water samples (GM=70 cysts\/10 l). Our study highlights the frequent occurrence of parasites in surface waters in Poland and the effectiveness of water treatment for the removal of parasites from drinking water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268811002780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T23:35:44Z","timestamp":1325720144000},"page":"2014-2022","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effectiveness of water treatment for the removal of<i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>and<i>Giardia<\/i>spp."],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"BAJER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"TOCZYLOWSKA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"BEDNARSKA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"SINSKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3281335"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002001865"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.8.3386-3391.1999","article-title":"Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species","volume":"65","author":"Xiao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200999179X"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref008","unstructured":"8. Majewska AC , Intestinal protozoan parasites: new waterborne risk factor for public heath [in Polish]. University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 2001, 2nd edn."},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01067-06"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02788-06"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-0018-6"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01345-08"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref009","unstructured":"9. Szostakowska B , Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface waters of Tri-city and its vicinity. Abstracts of International Conference \u2018Biological and Chemical Factors of Environmental Contamination\u2019, Warsaw, 23\u201325 June 2005, p. 21."},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref011","unstructured":"11. Toczy\u0142owska B , Rutkiewicz A .A sampling procedure for isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts. In: Actual Problems of Water Treatment and Distribution. Chapter IV: Highly effective methods of analysis of water quality, pp. 417\u2013425. Ed. Politechnika \u015al\u0105ska, Gliwice, 2009."},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.2.569-575.2002"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030084"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref004","first-page":"212","article-title":"Occurrence of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora oocysts in surface water pools in Pozna\u0144 district. VIII European Multicolloquium of Parasitology (EMOP)","volume":"45","author":"Sulima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref012","author":"Kloch","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(06)64002-5"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.018"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1097-1101.2001"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref007","first-page":"186","article-title":"Rotifers as bioindicators of Trzebidzkie Lake surface water pollution by dispersal stages of intestinal protozoan parasites [in Polish]","volume":"10","author":"Kuczy\u00f1ska-Kippen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biuletyn Park\u00f3w Krajobrazowych Wielkopolski"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref010","first-page":"46","article-title":"Occurrence of intestinal protozoan parasite in drinking water supply in Pozna\u0144 \u2013 microscopic, immunologic and molecular studies [in Polish]","volume":"47","author":"Sulima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wiadomo\u015bci Parazytologiczne"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01630-1"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-006-9043-5"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1179-x"},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref006","unstructured":"6. Majewska AC , Use of rotifers and FISH assay for detection of intestinal protozoan parasites in surface water. Abstracts of Conference \u2018Biological and Chemical Contamination of Food\u2019. Warsaw, 4\u20136 December 2003, p. 39."},{"key":"S0950268811002780_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01027-07"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268811002780","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T01:48:07Z","timestamp":1593481687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268811002780\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268811002780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268811002780","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]}}}