{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:47:37Z","timestamp":1769194057267,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]],"date-time":"2012-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351641600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates neighbourhood variation in rates of pneumococcal bacteraemia and community-level factors associated with neighbourhood heterogeneity in disease risk. We analysed data from 1416 adult and paediatric cases of pneumococcal bacteraemia collected during 2005\u20132008 from a population-based hospital surveillance network in metropolitan Philadelphia. Cases were geocoded using residential address to measure disease incidence by neighbourhood and identify potential neighbourhood-level risk factors. Overall incidence of pneumococcal bacteraemia was 36\u00b78 cases\/100\u00a0000 population and varied significantly (0\u201367\u00b78 cases\/100\u00a0000 population) in 281 neighbourhoods. Increased disease incidence was associated with higher population density [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1\u00b710\/10\u00a0000 people per mile<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1\u00b70\u20131\u00b719], higher percent black population (per 10% increase) (IRR 1\u00b707, 95% CI 1\u00b704\u20131\u00b709), population aged \u2a7d5 years (IRR 3\u00b749, CI 1\u00b78\u20135\u00b718) and population aged \u2a7e65 years (IRR 1\u00b719, CI 1\u00b700\u20131\u00b738). After adjusting for these characteristics, there was no significant difference in neighbourhood disease rates. This study demonstrates substantial small-area variation in pneumococcal bacteraemia risk that appears to be explained by neighbourhood sociodemographic characteristics. Identifying neighbourhoods with increased disease risk may provide valuable information to optimize implementation of prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095026881200235x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]],"date-time":"2012-10-31T10:34:03Z","timestamp":1351679643000},"page":"1679-1689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Risk of invasive pneumococcal disease varies by neighbourhood characteristics: implications for prevention policies"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"K. A.","family":"FEEMSTER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"LI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. R.","family":"LOCALIO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"SHULTS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"EDELSTEIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"LAUTENBACH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"SMITH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. P.","family":"METLAY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref39","first-page":"988","article-title":"National, state, and urban area vaccination coverage among children aged 19\u201335 months \u2013 United States, 2005","volume":"55","year":"2006","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref38","first-page":"1171","article-title":"National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months \u2013 United States, 2009","volume":"59","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.386-392.2003"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001017"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf511"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.13.1729"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref26","volume-title":"Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology","author":"Koneman","year":"1997"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.07.095"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0905.020556"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.09.016"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009611"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000164302.03972.d7"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref36","unstructured":"Flowers L . Racial and ethnic disparities in influenza and pneumococcal immunization rates among Medicare beneficiaries. Issue Brief [Public Policy Institute (American Association of Retired Persons)] 2007 IB83 1\u20136"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children \u2013 use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine \u2013 recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"59","author":"Nuorti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (Recommendations and Reports)"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref10","first-page":"253","article-title":"Invasive pneumococcal disease in young children before licensure of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine \u2013 United States, 2007","volume":"59","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.53"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521626"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.14.1668"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.05.010"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022823"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200003000-00003"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref17","first-page":"921","article-title":"National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19\u201335 months \u2013 United States, 2008","volume":"58","year":"2009","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.08.010"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808001489"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3099"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref41","first-page":"961","article-title":"National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19\u201335 months \u2013 United States, 2007","volume":"57","year":"2008","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2338"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh088"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.181313"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503805"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.173468"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.6.923"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313465"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428580"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.16.2043"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref27","volume-title":"Geographic Area Reference Manual","year":"2005"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/500941"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181f87802"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.10.006"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00101509"},{"key":"S095026881200235X_ref40","first-page":"880","article-title":"National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19\u201335 months \u2013 United States, 2006","volume":"56","year":"2007","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S095026881200235X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T16:45:22Z","timestamp":1556037922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S095026881200235X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S095026881200235X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s095026881200235x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]]}}}