{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T10:32:20Z","timestamp":1675420340652},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366243200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since 2004, efforts to improve poliovirus detection have significantly increased the volume of specimen testing from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) patients in India. One option to decrease collection and testing burden would be collecting only a single stool specimen instead of two. We investigated stool specimen sensitivity for poliovirus detection in India to estimate the contribution of the second specimen. We reviewed poliovirus isolation data for 303984 children aged &lt;15 years with AFP during 2000\u20132010. Using maximum-likelihood estimation, we determined specimen sensitivity of each stool specimen, combined sensitivity of both specimens, and sensitivity added by the second specimen. Of 5184 AFP patients with poliovirus isolates, 382 (7\u00b74%) were identified only by the second specimen. Sensitivity was 91\u00b74% for the first specimen and 84\u00b75% for the second specimen; the second specimen added 7\u00b73% sensitivity, giving a combined sensitivity of 98\u00b77%. Combined sensitivity declined, and added sensitivity increased, as the time from paralysis onset to stool collection increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7032). The sensitivity added by the second specimen is important to detect the last chains of poliovirus transmission and to achieve certification of polio eradication. For sensitive surveillance, two stool specimens should continue to be collected from each AFP patient in India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268813000800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T07:37:44Z","timestamp":1366270664000},"page":"163-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Surveillance during an era of rapidly changing poliovirus epidemiology in India: the role of one <i>vs<\/i>. two stool specimens in poliovirus detection, 2000\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"C. V.","family":"CARDEMIL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"RATHEE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"GARY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"WANNEMUEHLER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"ANAND","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"MACH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"BAHL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"WASSILAK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.Y.","family":"CHU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"KHERA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. S.","family":"JAFARI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"PALLANSCH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.Supplement_1.S176"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.Supplement_1.S135"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.Supplement_1.S43"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref2","unstructured":"National Polio Surveillance Project. Components of AFP surveillance (http:\/\/www.npspindia.org\/Surveillance%20Strategy.asp). Accessed 20 October 2012."},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref7","unstructured":"Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Report, February 2012. (www.polioeradication.org\/portals\/0\/document\/aboutus\/governance\/imb\/5imbmeeting\/imbreport_january2012.pdf). Accessed 20 October 2012."},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803008562"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref3","first-page":"1482","article-title":"Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication \u2013 India, January 2010\u2013September 2011","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref18","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Summary of discussions and recommendations of the 18th Informal Consultation of the Global Polio Laboratory Network, 28\u201329 June 2012 (http:\/\/www.polioeradication.org\/Portals\/0\/Document\/Resources\/GPLN_publications\/GPLN_Meeting_recommendations_2012.pdf). Accessed 4 February 2013."},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref5","unstructured":"National Polio Surveillance Project. Laboratory budget analysis, November 2011."},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref17","first-page":"575","article-title":"Performance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and incidence of poliomyelitis, 2011","volume":"86","year":"2011","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global poliomyelitis eradication initiative: summary of external resource requirements by major category of activity, 2011\u20132012."},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref8","unstructured":"Lennette EH . Problems of the viral diagnostic laboratory with respect to poliomyelitis. Poliomyelitis: papers and discussions presented at the Fourth International Poliomyelitis Conference. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1958, pp. 377\u2013386."},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref1","volume-title":"Field Guide: Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Polio diagnosis: one or two samples?","volume":"XVII","author":"Silveira","year":"1995","journal-title":"EPI Newsletter: Expanded Program on Immunization in the Americas"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref16","first-page":"250","article-title":"Necessity of two-stool sample test for sensitive detection of poliovirus","volume":"54","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Japan Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.Supplement_1.S37"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref13","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Outbreaks following wild poliovirus importations \u2013 Europe, Africa, and Asia, January 2009\u2013September 2010","volume":"59","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref9","unstructured":"India Expert Advisory Group for Polio Eradication. Conclusions and recommendations, 22nd Meeting of the India Expert Advisory Group for Polio Eradication, New Delhi, India, 1\u20132 November 2010."},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref14","first-page":"312","article-title":"Notes from the field: poliomyelitis outbreak \u2013 Republic of the Congo, September 2010\u2013February 2011","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268813000800_ref10","volume-title":"Polio Laboratory Manual","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268813000800","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T21:52:44Z","timestamp":1555969964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268813000800\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268813000800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268813000800","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]]}}}