{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T21:08:42Z","timestamp":1782508122748,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,5]],"date-time":"2013-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375660800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human leptospirosis is found throughout the world, albeit with a higher incidence in tropical regions. In temperate regions it is associated with certain occupational and recreational activities. This paper reports both on the incidence of human leptospirosis in Ireland and on possible associated exposures, using leptospirosis case notification, enhanced surveillance, hospital discharge data and death registrations. Based on official notification data, there was a threefold increase in the reported incidence of leptospirosis in Ireland between 1995\u20131999 and 2004\u20132009, which appears partially to be due to improved reporting. The exposures most associated with infection were those involving contact with livestock or water-based recreational sports, in particular kayaking. Advice on prevention should continue to be targeted in the first instance at these groups. The variety of potential transmission routes reported should inform clinicians to consider leptospirosis in individuals with a compatible clinical profile who were not from occupational groups historically considered at risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268813001775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,5]],"date-time":"2013-08-05T13:24:54Z","timestamp":1375709094000},"page":"847-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Leptospirosis in Ireland: annual incidence and exposures associated with infection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"GARVEY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"CONNELL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"O'FLANAGAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"McKEOWN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010611"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref4","article-title":"A cluster of leptospirosis cases in canoeists on a Dublin river","volume":"8","author":"O'Meara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.61"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800001540"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10446"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref19","first-page":"2","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Ireland","volume":"2","author":"Mongan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epi-Insight"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref10","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Leptospirosis in the Netherlands, 1991\u20131995","volume":"142","author":"Olszyna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref16","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Annual epidemiological report. Reporting on 2009 surveillance data and 2010 epidemic intelligence data (http:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications\/Publications\/1111_SUR_Annual_Epidemiological_Report_on_Communicable_Diseases_in_Europe.pdf)."},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref14","unstructured":"European Union. 2002. Commission decision of 19 March 2002 laying down case definitions for reporting communicable diseases to the Community network under Decision No 2119\/98\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document number C(2002) 1043) (2002\/253\/EC) (http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:086:0044:0062:EN:PDF)."},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540310016709"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes to notification of infectious diseases","volume":"5","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epi-Insight"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890430107"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1107.041172"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref11","first-page":"R185","article-title":"Leptospirosis in the Republic of Ireland: 1985 to 1996","volume":"7","author":"Hogan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Communicable Disease Report Review"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.09.20415-en","article-title":"Pet rats as a source of hantavirus in England and Wales, 2013","volume":"18","author":"Jameson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007658607963"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref21","first-page":"673","article-title":"Update: leptospirosis and unexplained acute febrile illness among athletes participating in triathlons\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Illinois and Wisconsin, 1998","volume":"47","year":"1998","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref6","first-page":"21","article-title":"Longitudinal epidemiology of leptospirosis in the Czech Republic (1963\u20132003)","volume":"54","author":"Zitek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020751"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref28","article-title":"Hantavirus\u00a0\u2013\u00a0a visitor from the continent","volume":"13","author":"O'Hora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epi-Insight"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/423272"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/003655400458839","article-title":"Human leptospirosis in Denmark 1970\u20131996: an epidemiological and clinical study","volume":"32","author":"Holk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803001596"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006392"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref12","first-page":"114","article-title":"A review of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in the Republic of Ireland","volume":"93","author":"Pate","year":"2000","journal-title":"Irish Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref1","unstructured":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. UK Zoonoses Report, 2009 (http:\/\/archive.defra.gov.uk\/foodfarm\/farmanimal\/diseases\/atoz\/zoonoses\/documents\/reports\/zoonoses2009.pdf)."},{"key":"S0950268813001775_ref13","unstructured":"Health Protection Surveillance Centre. 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