{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:23:16Z","timestamp":1784956996706,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]],"date-time":"2014-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390521600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The highly remote pastoralist communities in Kaokoland, Namibia, have long been presumed to have high gonorrhoea prevalence. To estimate gonorrhoea prevalence and correlates of infection, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 446 adults across 28 rural villages. Gonorrhoea status was determined from urethral and vaginal swabs via qPCR assay. All participants answered a closed-ended interview about demographics, sexual behaviour and symptom history. Sixteen per cent of participants had high-level infections (\u2a7eID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>dose) and 48% had low-level infections (&lt;ID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>dose). Women had higher prevalence than men of both high- and low-level infections. High-level infections were regionally and seasonally clustered, occurring in young adults in the Ehama region during the winter. Low-level infections were distributed homogenously across demographic characteristics, season, and region. All low-level infections and most high-level infections (men 78%, women 95%) were asymptomatic and left untreated. The epidemic-like nature of high-level gonorrhoea cases suggests that intervention efforts can be focused on seasons of high social activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268813003488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]],"date-time":"2014-01-27T03:03:25Z","timestamp":1390791805000},"page":"2422-2432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["High prevalence of<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>in a remote, undertreated population of Namibian pastoralists"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"HAZEL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"PONNALURI-WEARS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. S.","family":"DAVIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. S.","family":"LOW","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"FOXMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.05.010"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref10","unstructured":"de la Torre C , HIV\/AIDS in Namibia: Behavioral and contextual factors driving the epidemic. Windhoek, Namibia: Ministry of Health and Social Services, 2007."},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref8","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Challenging the Namibian Perception of Sexuality: A Case Study of the Ovahimba and Ovaherero Culturo-Sexual Models in Kunene North in an HIV\/AIDS Context","author":"Talavera","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1112456"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200211000-00006"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03340230057031"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00003"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref22","volume-title":"Training Modules for the Syndromatic Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref6","first-page":"113","article-title":"The Herero-speaking peoples of Kaokoland","volume":"2","author":"Malan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cimbebasia"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31805ce2b9","article-title":"A Chlamydia trachomatis strain with a 377-bp deletion in the cryptic plasmid causing false-negative nucleic acid amplification tests","volume":"34","author":"Ripa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03072"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592974"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-239"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention D of SP. Gonorrhea\u00a0\u2013\u00a0CDC Factsheet, 2013."},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198522867.001.0001","volume-title":"The Structure of an African Pastoralist Community: Demography, History and Ecology of the Ngamiland Herero","author":"Pennington","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/300093"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref5","first-page":"77","volume-title":"People, Cattle and Land: Transformations of a Pastoral Society in Southwestern Africa","author":"Frank","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref15","first-page":"3076","article-title":"A variant of Chlamydia trachomatis with deletion in cryptic plasmid: Implications for use of PCR diagnostic tests","volume":"11","author":"Ripa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-1-257"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref3","first-page":"22","article-title":"Unrecognized sexually transmitted infections in rural South African women: A hidden epidemic","volume":"77","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112597"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref20","unstructured":"Todar K . Gonorrhea. The Microbial World. 2009 (http:\/\/textbookofbacteriology.net\/themicrobialworld\/gonorrhea.html)."},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref7","volume-title":"Southwest Africa in Early Times","author":"Vedder","year":"1938"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050108.415"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318206c288","article-title":"The incidence and correlates of symptomatic and asymptomatic Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae infections in selected populations in five countries","volume":"38","author":"Detels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref11","first-page":"331","volume-title":"African Landscapes","author":"Bollig","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0478"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2011.010483"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.3.178"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114040"},{"key":"S0950268813003488_ref31","first-page":"220","volume-title":"New Notes on Kaoko","author":"Friedman","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268813003488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T17:13:47Z","timestamp":1716484427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268813003488\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268813003488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268813003488","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2014\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}