{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:17:07Z","timestamp":1792552627320,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]],"date-time":"2014-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392768000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>A hypothetical influenza infection-induced non-specific immunity may reduce the risk of subsequent non-influenza respiratory virus (NIRV) infection and bias the influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates in test-negative designs (TNDs). We conducted a simulation study using a simple TND model and explored the degree of bias in the VE estimates. The bias was marginal during the usual seasons and most of the time during pandemics; the bias only became large when the influenza infection attack rate increased to pandemic levels (&gt;50%), the true VE was low to moderate, and the non-specific immunity almost completely protected from NIRV infections and lasted at least half the influenza season.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268814000107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]],"date-time":"2014-02-20T04:29:04Z","timestamp":1392870544000},"page":"2642-2646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Potential effect of virus interference on influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates in test-negative designs"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"SUZUKI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0023-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"CAMACHO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"ARIYOSHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91466-0"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit379"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.02.048"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001103"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.053"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.40.19354-en","article-title":"Does viral interference affect spread of influenza?","volume":"14","author":"Linde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318201811c"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31826b300e"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym021"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.37.20585"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.026"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.47.19722-en","article-title":"Seasonal influenza vaccination and the risk of infection with pandemic influenza: a possible illustration of non-specific temporary immunity following infection","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000258"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis307"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.407"},{"key":"S0950268814000107_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70295-X"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268814000107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T02:59:05Z","timestamp":1648349945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268814000107\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268814000107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268814000107","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2014\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}