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Three pathogens were significantly more frequent together from adenoid samples; nasopharyngeal swabs more often yielded a single organism, but without statistical significance. <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> significantly more frequently co-existed with <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> than with each other and a positive association of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> in adenoid samples was evident. Several differences between risk factors for nasopharyngeal and adenoid colonization by the individual pathogens were observed. We conclude that the adenoids and nasopharynx appear to differ substantially in colonization by pathogenic microbes but occurrence of <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the nasopharynx could be predictive of upper respiratory tract infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268814001460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,18]],"date-time":"2014-06-18T02:50:36Z","timestamp":1403059836000},"page":"821-830","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nasopharyngeal <i>vs.<\/i> adenoid cultures in children undergoing adenoidectomy: prevalence of bacterial pathogens, their interactions and risk 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