{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T18:12:47Z","timestamp":1648923167742},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412035200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many cases of giardiasis in the UK are undiagnosed and among other things, diagnosis is dependent upon the readiness of GPs to request a specimen. The aim of this study is to assess the rate of specimens requested per GP practice in Central Lancashire, to examine the differences between GP practices and to estimate the pattern of unexplained spatial variation in the practice rate of specimens after adjustment for deprivation. To achieve this, we fitted a set of binomial and Poisson regression models, with random effects for GP practice. Our analysis suggests that there were differences in the rate of specimens by GP practices (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001) for a single year, but no difference in the proportion of positive tests per specimen submitted or in the rate of positive specimens per practice population. There was a difference in the cumulative rate of positive specimens per practice population over a 9-year period (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001). Neither the specimen rate per practice for a single year nor the cumulative rate of positive specimens over multiple years demonstrated significant spatial correlation. Hence, spatial variation in the incidence of giardiasis is unlikely to be confounded by variation in GP rate of specimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268814002350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T10:36:08Z","timestamp":1412073368000},"page":"1692-1701","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Giardiasis in North West England: faecal specimen requesting rates by GP practice"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"N. F.","family":"REEVE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. R.","family":"FANSHAWE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"LAMDEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"DIGGLE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"CHEESBROUGH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. J.","family":"KEEGAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref10","unstructured":"Department for Communities and Local Government. English indices of deprivation 2007 (https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/english-indices-of-deprivation#publications). Accessed 30 October 2013."},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0902.010488"},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref2","unstructured":"Public Health England. Giardia lamblia laboratory reports: all identifications reported to the Health Protection Agency England and Wales, 2000\u20132010 (http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/Topics\/InfectiousDiseases\/InfectionsAZ\/Giardia\/EpidemiologicalData\/gairDataEw\/). Accessed 30 October 2013."},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref14","unstructured":"DATA.GOV.UK. Indices of deprivation 2007 for super output areas (http:\/\/data.gov.uk\/dataset\/index_of_multiple_deprivation_imd_2007). Accessed 30 October 2013."},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref8","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency and British Infection Association. Infectious diarrhoea: the role of microbiological examination of faeces \u2013 quick reference guide for primary care, 2010 (http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/webc\/hpawebfile\/hpaweb_c\/1203582652789). Accessed May 2014."},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref4","first-page":"R32","article-title":"Zoonotic transmission of giardiasis: a case control study","volume":"43","author":"Warburton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Communicable Disease Report. CDR Review"},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2010.01328.x"},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stool submission by general practitioners in SW England \u2013 when, why and how? A qualitative study","volume":"131","author":"McNulty","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Family Practice"},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref17","unstructured":"2011 Census. Aggregate data (England and Wales), UK Data Service Census Support (http:\/\/infuse.mimas.ac.uk). 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Accessed July 2013."},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809002465"},{"key":"S0950268814002350_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.002"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268814002350","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]],"date-time":"2019-04-21T00:32:09Z","timestamp":1555806729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268814002350\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268814002350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268814002350","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2014\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}