{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T10:09:56Z","timestamp":1769508596235,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]],"date-time":"2014-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412208000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Environmental samples are a cost-saving and easy-to-use approach to diagnose paratuberculosis at the herd level. Detailed knowledge concerning its uncertainties in herds with a low prevalence of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> spp. <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MAP) is required to design sampling strategies in control programmes. This study aimed to calculate a threshold level of the apparent within-herd prevalence (WHP<jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub>) as determined by individual mycobacterial cultivation (faecal culture; FC) of all cows thus allowing the detection of a herd as MAP-positive at a certain probability level (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>). Out of 200 environmental samples taken twice from five predefined locations in a barn, 25 were positive by FC and 60 were positive by a quantitative real-time PCR method (qPCR). A logistic regression model was used to calculate the WHP<jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> threshold of detection. For 50% <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>, a WHP<jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> threshold of 2\u00b79% was calculated for the combination of three samples (milking area, main cow alleyways, holding pen) tested simultaneously both by FC and qPCR. The threshold increased to 6\u00b72% for 90% <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>. Repeated environmental sampling did not reduce the WHP<jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> threshold. Depending on the particular needs for prevalence estimation or in control programmes (single or repeated sampling) the provided WHP<jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub> thresholds at different <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub> will enable decisions to be made about various sampling strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268814002465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]],"date-time":"2014-10-02T03:04:57Z","timestamp":1412219097000},"page":"975-985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Detection of <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis<\/i> in environmental samples by faecal culture and <i>real-time<\/i> PCR in relation to apparent within-herd prevalence as determined by individual faecal culture"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"DONAT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"KUBE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"DRESSEL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"EINAX","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"PFEFFER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"FAILING","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref19","first-page":"267","article-title":"Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in slurry","volume":"29","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nordisk veterinaermedicin"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007021"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1832"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref31","first-page":"257","article-title":"New diagnostic tool for detection of Johne's disease [in German]","volume":"67","author":"Rommel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Umschau"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.01019.x"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref22","first-page":"10","article-title":"Identification of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infected dairy herds by environmental sampling [in German]","volume":"124","author":"Donat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchner Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.07.016"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref1","first-page":"874","article-title":"Johne's disease in Canada Part I: clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prevalence in dairy herds","volume":"47","author":"Tiwari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2133"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73427-X"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.02.005"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2006.10.006"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb11980.x"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2742"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(98)00098-4"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200501"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2010.532480"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref36","unstructured":"Dressel J. Direct detection of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis in bovine faeces - a comparative study (diploma thesis). Zwickau, Germany: Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, 2012, 71 pp."},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.10.003"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref24","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Evaluation of environmental faecal culture for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis detection in dairy herds and association with apparent within-herd prevalence","volume":"54","author":"Lavers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.06.009"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72461-4"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref33","unstructured":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI) Federal Research Institute for Animal Health. Amtliche Methodensammlung Stand: April 2012 (http:\/\/www.fli.bund.de\/fileadmin\/dam_uploads\/Publikationen\/Amtliche_Methodensammlung\/Methodensammlung_201204.pdf). Assessed 15 August 2013."},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-49"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref34","first-page":"775","volume-title":"BMDP Statistical Software Manual, Volumes I and II. Berkeley","author":"Dixon","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref14","first-page":"10","article-title":"Herd prevalence studies of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle using serological tests: opportunities, limitations and costs [in German]","volume":"125","author":"Donat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchner Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref26","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Johne's disease in Canada part II: disease impact, risk factors, and control programs for dairy producers","volume":"47","author":"McKenna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(44)80013-3"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.17221\/7878-VETMED","article-title":"The transmission and impact of paratuberculosis infection in domestic and wild ruminants","volume":"46","author":"Ayele","year":"2001","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine Czech"},{"key":"S0950268814002465_ref37","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Uniform Program Standards for the Voluntary Bovine Johne's Disease Control Program, effective 1 September 2010 (http:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/animal_health\/animal_diseases\/johnes\/downloads\/johnes-ups.pdf). 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