{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:11:41Z","timestamp":1789881101344,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426550400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied the temporal and spatial patterns of leptospirosis, its association with flooding and animal census data in Thailand. Flood data from 2010 to 2012 were extracted from spatial information taken from satellite images. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was used to determine the relationship between spatio-temporal flooding patterns and the number of human leptospirosis cases. In addition, the area of flood coverage, duration of waterlogging, time lags between flood events, and a number of potential animal reservoirs were considered in a sub-analysis. There was no significant temporal trend of leptospirosis over the study period. Statistical analysis showed an inconsistent relationship between IRR and flooding across years and regions. Spatially, leptospirosis occurred repeatedly and predominantly in northeastern Thailand. Our findings suggest that flooding is less influential in leptospirosis transmission than previously assumed. High incidence of the disease in the northeastern region is explained by the fact that agriculture and animal farming are important economic activities in this area. The periodic rise and fall of reported leptospirosis cases over time might be explained by seasonal exposure from rice farming activities performed during the rainy season when flood events often occur. We conclude that leptospirosis remains an occupational disease in Thailand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268815000205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T05:02:59Z","timestamp":1426568579000},"page":"2106-2115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Spatio-temporal patterns of leptospirosis in Thailand: is flooding a risk factor?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"SUWANPAKDEE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"KAEWKUNGWAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. J.","family":"WHITE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"ASENSIO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"RATANAKORN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"SINGHASIVANON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. P. J.","family":"DAY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"PAN-NGUM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref34","first-page":"107","article-title":"Detection of Leptospires serogroups, which are common causes of human acute leptospirosis in Guilan, Northern Iran","volume":"40","author":"Honarmand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.04.028"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812002981"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref32","first-page":"736","article-title":"Serological survey of leptospirosis in Thai swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Sakon Nakhon province, Thailand","volume":"46","author":"Wongpanit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001653"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref16","unstructured":"Bureau of Epidemiology. Leptospirosis. Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, 2012 (http:\/\/www.boe.moph.go.th\/boedb\/surdata\/disease.php?dcontent=old&ds=43). Accessed 5 May 2013."},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.204"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref7","unstructured":"WHO. Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. World Health Organisation, 2003 (http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2003\/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002.23.pdf). 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Accessed 5 August 2011."},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000056"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref5","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cell aggregation: a mechanism of pathogenic Leptospira to survive in fresh water","volume":"7","author":"Trueba","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref8","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Annual Epidemiological Surveillance Report 2011","author":"Hinjoy","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0124"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref22","volume-title":"Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival, and Repeated Measures Models","author":"Vittinghoff","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref13","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Leptospirosis","author":"Kingnate","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02728-12"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref23","unstructured":"Meteorological Development Bureau. Weather outlook for Thailand during rainy season. Bangkok: Thai Meteorological Development, 2011 (http:\/\/www.tmd.go.th\/programs%5Cuploads%5Cforecast%5C2011-04-26_Seasonal_EN_093555.pdf). Accessed 8 March 2013."},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref6","first-page":"199","article-title":"Leptospirosis diagnosis: competency of various laboratory tests","volume":"8","author":"Budihal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1801.101892"},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref33","unstructured":"Fungladda W . A study of Leptospira infections in human and animals in endemic areas, Nakhon Ratchasima province Bangkok: Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University; 2006."},{"key":"S0950268815000205_ref21","unstructured":"Institute for Digital Research and Education (IDRE). Stata annotated output: negative binomial regression (http:\/\/www.ats.ucla.edu\/stat\/stata\/output\/stata_nbreg_output.htm). 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Thailand's flood database (http:\/\/flood.gistda.or.th\/). 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