{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:41:41Z","timestamp":1771490501022,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]],"date-time":"2015-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428451200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between risk of death following influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and ethnicity and deprivation during the 2009\/2010 pandemic period and the first post-pandemic season of 2010\/2011 in England was examined. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the mortality risk, adjusted for age, gender, and place of residence. Those of non-White ethnicity experienced an increased mortality risk compared to White populations during the 2009\/2010 pandemic [10\u00b75\/1000<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 6\u00b70\/1000 general population; adjusted risk ratio (RR) 1\u00b784, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1\u00b739-2\u00b754] with the highest risk in those of Pakistani ethnicity. However, no significant difference between ethnicities was observed during the following 2010\/2011 season. Persons living in areas with the highest level of deprivation had a significantly higher risk of death (RR 2\u00b708, 95% CI 1\u00b749-2\u00b791) compared to the lowest level for both periods. These results highlight the importance of rapid identification of groups at higher risk of severe disease in the early stages of future pandemics to enable the implementation of optimal prevention and control measures for vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268815000576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]],"date-time":"2015-04-08T08:10:47Z","timestamp":1428480647000},"page":"3375-3383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Ethnicity, deprivation and mortality due to 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in England during the 2009\/2010 pandemic and the first post-pandemic season"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"ZHAO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. 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Accessed 23 January 2015."},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b5213"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61195-6"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.20.19571-en","article-title":"Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 and mortality in the United Kingdom: risk factors for death, April 2009 to March 2010","volume":"15","author":"Pebody","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033180"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0337-1"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref21","first-page":"74","article-title":"Influenza and racial susceptibility [Editorial]","volume":"11","year":"1919","journal-title":"Journal of the National Medical Association"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref10","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Deaths related to 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) among American Indian\/Alaska Natives \u2013 12 states, 2009","volume":"58","year":"2009","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008436"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.23.20499-en","article-title":"Critical care surveillance: insights into the impact of the 2010\/11 influenza season relative to the 2009\/10 pandemic season in England","volume":"18","author":"Green","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2011.05.003"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2433"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013211"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.42.19366-en","article-title":"The 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza and indigenous populations of the Americas and the Pacific","volume":"14","author":"La Ruche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.161505"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref20","unstructured":"Noble M , The English Indices of Deprivation 2007. London: HMSO. Department for Communities and Local Government, 2008 (http:\/\/geoconvert.mimas.ac.uk\/help\/imd-2007-manual.pdf). Accessed 15 January 2015."},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref14","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. Surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses in the UK 2010\/11 (http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/web\/HPAwebFile\/HPAweb_C\/1296687414154). Accessed 10 December 2013."},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref1","unstructured":"CDC. UPDATED CDC estimates of 2009 H1N1 influenza cases, hospitalizations and deaths in the United States, April 2009\u2013April 10, 2010. May 2010 (http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/h1n1flu\/estimates_2009_h1n1.htm)."},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810001366"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.157453"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref17","article-title":"Epidemiology of new influenza A(H1N1) in the United Kingdom, April-May 2009","volume":"14","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013211"},{"key":"S0950268815000576_ref19","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Rural\/urban definition (England and Wales), 2009 (http:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/ons\/guide-method\/geography\/products\/area-classifications\/rural-urban-definition-and-la\/rural-urban-definition-england-and-wales-\/index.html). 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