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Meta-analytical results indicated a significant positive association, consistently across different laboratory methods for Crohn's disease [odds ratio (OR) range 4\u00b726\u20138\u00b744], T1DM (OR range 2\u00b791\u20139\u00b795) and multiple sclerosis (OR range 6\u00b75\u20137\u00b799). The latter two and the thyroiditis hypothesis require further investigation to confirm the association. Meta-regression of Crohn's disease studies using DNA detection methods indicated that choice of primers and sampling frame (e.g. general population<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. hospital-based sample) explained a significant proportion of heterogeneity. Other epidemiological studies demonstrated a lack of association between high-risk occupations and development of Crohn's disease. Due to knowledge gaps in understanding the role of<jats:italic>M. paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>in the development or progression of human disease, the evidence at present is not strong enough to inform the potential public health impact of<jats:italic>M. paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095026881500076x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]],"date-time":"2015-05-20T09:44:40Z","timestamp":1432115080000},"page":"3135-3157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["The zoonotic potential of<i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>ssp.<i>paratuberculosis<\/i>: a systematic review and meta-analyses of the evidence"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"L. 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