{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T03:43:34Z","timestamp":1794109414108,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case-control study was conducted to investigate an outbreak of 46 cases of cryptosporidiosis in visitors to a petting farm in England. Details of exposures on the farm were collected for 38 cases and 39 controls, recruited through snowball sampling. Multivariable logistic regression identified that cases were 5\u00b75 times more likely than controls to have eaten without washing their hands [95% confidence interval (CI) 1\u00b751\u201319\u00b79, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b701] and 10 times less likely to report being informed of risk of infection on arrival (odds ratio 0\u00b710, 95% CI 0\u00b701\u20130\u00b771, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b702). An uncommon <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum gp60<\/jats:italic> subtype (IIaA19G1R1) was identified in a lamb faecal sample and all subtyped cases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 22). We conclude that lack of verbal advice and non-compliance with hand washing are significantly associated with a risk of cryptosporidiosis on open farms. These findings highlight the public health importance of effectively communicating risk to petting farm visitors in order to prevent future outbreaks of zoonotic infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268815002319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:15:13Z","timestamp":1443658513000},"page":"1000-1009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in visitors of a UK industry-compliant petting farm caused by a rare <i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i> subtype: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"UTSI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"SMITH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"CHALMERS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"PADFIELD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.12.010"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31819d646d"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052614"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.022"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02823-12"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00076-4"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref16","unstructured":"E. coli O157 Independent Investigation Committee. Review of the major outbreak of E. coli O157 in Surrey, 2009. An evaluation of the outbreak and its management, with a consideration of the regulatory framework and control of risks relating to open farms. London, UK: Health Protection Agency, 2010."},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref18","article-title":"Investigations of faecal specimens for enteric pathogens","volume":"B30","year":"2014","journal-title":"UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations (SMI)"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.26.843"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315033"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.157"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803008495","article-title":"Outbreaks of infectious disease associated with private drinking water supplies in England and Wales 1970\u20132000","volume":"130","author":"Said","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813003002"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00077-6"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897007590"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01636-08"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2008.060"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.12.003"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.4.271"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2011.238386"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.161.1.11"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref36","unstructured":"Public Health England. Illness linked to petting farms \u2013 PHE reminds everyone to practise good hand hygiene. Press releases, GOV.UK, 2013."},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04764.x"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2744-2747.2003"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.02.003"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.10.014"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030582"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01733-10"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004800"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref17","unstructured":"Access to Farms Partnership. Preventing or controlling ill health from animal contact at visitor attractions \u2013 Industry Code of Practice. UK: Access to Farms Partnership, 2012."},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.08.011"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.10.023"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.1.145-154.2002"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4168"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.100902"},{"key":"S0950268815002319_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.091468"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268815002319","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T16:19:42Z","timestamp":1555690782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268815002319\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268815002319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268815002319","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2015\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}