{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:53:55Z","timestamp":1790801635254,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445558400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>A recent outbreak of Q fever was linked to an intensive goat and sheep dairy farm in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014. Seventeen employees and one family member were confirmed with Q fever over a 28-month period, including two culture-positive cases. The outbreak investigation and management involved a One Health approach with representation from human, animal, environmental and public health. Seroprevalence in non-pregnant milking goats was 15% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7\u201327]; active infection was confirmed by positive quantitative PCR on several animal specimens. Genotyping of<jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>DNA obtained from goat and human specimens was identical by two typing methods. A number of farming practices probably contributed to the outbreak, with similar precipitating factors to the Netherlands outbreak, 2007-2012. Compared to workers in a high-efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) filtered factory, administrative staff in an unfiltered adjoining office and those regularly handling goats and kids had 5\u00b749 (95% CI 1\u00b729\u201323\u00b74) and 5\u00b765 (95% CI 1\u00b709\u201329\u00b73) times the risk of infection, respectively; suggesting factory workers were protected from windborne spread of organisms. Reduction in the incidence of human cases was achieved through an intensive human vaccination programme plus environmental and biosecurity interventions. Subsequent non-occupational acquisition of Q fever in the spouse of an employee, indicates that infection remains endemic in the goat herd, and remains a challenge to manage without source control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268815002368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T06:19:48Z","timestamp":1445581188000},"page":"1129-1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["One Health approach to controlling a Q fever outbreak on an Australian goat farm"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"K. A.","family":"BOND","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"VINCENT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. R.","family":"WILKS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"FRANKLIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"SUTTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"STENOS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"COWAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"LIM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"ATHAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"HARRIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"MACFARLANE-BERRY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"SEGAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"FIRESTONE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1374.112"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-69"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4582746"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref22","unstructured":"Gibbons G , White P . Q fever in a veterinary hospital \u2013 an unusual epidemiology. Abstract, ASID Zoonoses Conference Sydney 2012."},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref28","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Notifiable Diseases Webpage. (http:\/\/www.daff.gov.au\/animal-plant-health\/pests-diseases-weeds\/animal\/notifiable)."},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/NB07057"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811001828"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.101157"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1980.tb135159.x","article-title":"Q fever epidemic in Victorian general practice","volume":"1","author":"Buckley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20407","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.08.20407-en","article-title":"Q fever in humans and farm animals in four European countries, 1982 to 2010","volume":"18","author":"Georgiev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43744.x","article-title":"Experimental studies on the virus of Q fever","volume":"2","author":"Burnet","year":"1937","journal-title":"Medical Joural of Australia"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/321878"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001083"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref16","unstructured":"NSW Government Health. Q fever factsheet, 2012 (http:\/\/health.nsw.gov.au)."},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-488"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref6","article-title":"Q Fever: current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis","volume":"248418","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref12","first-page":"109","article-title":"Q fever 1985\u20131998","volume":"79","author":"Raoult","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of 1,383 infections. Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810001032"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.08.023"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref29","unstructured":"Communicable Diseases Network Australia. Q fever case definition. (http:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/cda-surveil-nndss-casedefs-cd_qfev.htm.) Accessed 1 September 2014."},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12051"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref45","unstructured":"Health Council of the Netherlands. Human vaccination against Q fever. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2010. Publication no. 2010\/8E."},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref26","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health. Q fever. Immunisation Handbook, 10th edn. 2015, pp. 345\u2013352."},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.002"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501127"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref20","first-page":"15","article-title":"Outbreak of Q fever related to changed farming practices, Victoria, Australia","volume":"16","author":"Gullan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Bulletin"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13487360"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042364"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1805.111907"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.007"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026201"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/w01-012"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2011.00794.x"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref34","unstructured":"Vincent GA . Molecular characterisation of Australian Coxiella burnetii isolates (PhD thesis) (http:\/\/researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au\/23505\/.) Accessed 26 September 2014."},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002268"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03034.x"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.4.821"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Australia's notifiable diseases status, 2003 annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref27","unstructured":"Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 and the Public Health and Wellbeing Regulations 2009. (http:\/\/www.legislation.vic.gov.au). Accessed 15 January 2014."},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref31","volume-title":"Livestock Disease Surveys: A Field Manual for Veterinarians","author":"Cannon","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref30","first-page":"702","volume-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"159","author":"Zou","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03472-12"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68266-4"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43743.x","article-title":"\u2018Q\u2019 fever, a new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigations","volume":"2","author":"Derrick","year":"1937","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"S0950268815002368_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2013.12.006"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268815002368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T23:28:47Z","timestamp":1653348527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268815002368\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268815002368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268815002368","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2015\u00a0This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}