{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T19:02:20Z","timestamp":1781290940553,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]],"date-time":"2016-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452211200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>infection in free-range chickens from Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and characterize the genotypic and phenotypic features of two isolates of this parasite, considering the importance of these hosts in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. Serum samples from 108 free-range chickens were obtained from ten different districts, and submitted to the modified agglutination test (MAT) for the presence of anti-<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>antibodies, and brain and heart tissue samples from infected chickens were processed for mouse bioassay. An overall seroprevalence of 71\u00b73% was found and antibody titres ranged from 16 to 4096. After confirmation of seropositivity by mouse bioassay, the determination of the<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>genotypes of two isolates was performed by PCR\u2013RFLP, using primers for the following markers: SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22\u20138, c29\u20132, L358, PK1, new SAG2, Apico and CS3. These<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>isolates, designated TgChBrUD1and TgChBrUD2, were obtained from heart samples of free-range chickens. The TgChBrUD1 isolate belonged to ToxoDB PCR\u2013RFLP genotype 11 and the TgChBrUD2 isolate belonged to ToxoDB PCR\u2013RFLP genotype 6. Both isolates demonstrated high virulence in a rodent model, with the TgChBrUD1 isolate able to induce brain cysts, in accord with its pattern of multiplication rates in human fibroblast culture. Taken together, these results reveal high prevalence of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>infection in free-range chickens throughout Uberl\u00e2ndia, indicating an important degree of oocyst environmental contamination and the existence of considerable risk for<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>transmission to humans by consumption of free-range chicken as a food source.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268815003295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]],"date-time":"2016-01-08T09:48:32Z","timestamp":1452246512000},"page":"1865-1875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of two<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>isolates in free-range chickens from Uberl\u00e2ndia, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2644-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. S.","family":"LOPES","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. S.","family":"FRANCO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. M.","family":"SILVA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A. O.","family":"SILVA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. A. V.","family":"FERRO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. F. J.","family":"PENA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"SOARES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"GENNARI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"MINEO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.09.021"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis508"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.62.081307.162925"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0795"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0722"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1447-4"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991065"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003083"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.12.004"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-417"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000765"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref18","unstructured":"IBGE-Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Censo demogr\u00e1fico 2010. 2015 (http:\/\/www.cidades.ibge.gov.br\/xtras\/perfil.php?lang=&codmun=317020&search=minas-gerais|uberlandia|infograficos:-informacoes-completas). Accessed 1 September 2015."},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322800"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.09.005"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki604"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.10.4649","article-title":"MHC class I gene(s) in the D\/L region but not the TNF-alpha gene determines development of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice","volume":"153","author":"Suzuki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17678\/beuscitech.47145"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.007"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2425.1"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.01.005"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref19","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.27.2.283-287.1980","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii polysaccharides in human toxoplasmosis","volume":"27","author":"Mineo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.09.004"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02502-12"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00135-0"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3286527"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-418"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283305"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00132-2"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702356104"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.12.023"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.6.1411-1414.1997","article-title":"Determination of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from patients with toxoplasmosis","volume":"35","author":"Derouin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00318-X"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-635x170187-94","article-title":"Brazilian chicken meat production chain: a 10-year overview","volume":"17","author":"N\u00e4\u00e4s","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.02.031"},{"key":"S0950268815003295_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000765"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268815003295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T12:11:45Z","timestamp":1692187905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268815003295\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268815003295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268815003295","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2016\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}