{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:01:09Z","timestamp":1773673269826,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]],"date-time":"2016-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456876800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to study the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>nasopharyngeal colonization in the first 2 years of life, we followed up an unvaccinated birth cohort monthly and at visits when sick, with otoscopy to detect AOM and performed nasopharyngeal swabbing to detect<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Serotyping of positive cultures was also performed. Of 210 babies who were enrolled at birth, 61 (29\u00b705%) experienced 128 episodes of AOM [relative risk 2\u00b763, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1\u00b721\u20135\u00b775] with maximum incidence in the second half of the first year of life. Episodes ranged from 1 to 7 (mean 2\u00b71 episodes). Most (86\u00b79%) babies with AOM had a positive culture swab giving an odds ratio (OR) of 1\u00b793 (95% CI 1\u00b703\u20133\u00b762,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7041) for this association. Other risk factors identified for AOM were winter season (OR 3\u00b746, 95% CI 1\u00b756\u20137\u00b730,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7001), upper respiratory infection (OR 2\u00b743, 95% CI 1\u00b743\u20134\u00b751,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7005); residents of small households were less likely to develop AOM (OR 0\u00b732, 95% CI 0\u00b717\u20130\u00b757,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b701). Common<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>serotypes isolated during episodes were 19, 6, 15, 35, 7, 23, 9 and 10 which indicated a theoretical coverage for pneumococcal vaccines PCV10 and PCV13 constituent serotypes of 62\u00b78%. We conclude that AOM in Indian infants is often associated with<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>colonization of the nasopharynx as well as other risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268816000248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]],"date-time":"2016-03-02T11:37:14Z","timestamp":1456918634000},"page":"2191-2199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>nasopharyngeal colonization and other risk factors with acute otitis media in an unvaccinated Indian birth 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