{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:32:57Z","timestamp":1777681977360,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475020800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and more specifically salpingitis (visually confirmed inflammation) is the primary cause of tubal factor infertility and is an important risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. The risk of these outcomes increases following repeated episodes of PID. We developed a homogenous discrete-time Markov model for the distribution of PID history in the UK. We used a Bayesian framework to fully propagate parameter uncertainty into the model outputs. We estimated the model parameters from routine data, prospective studies, and other sources. We estimated that for women aged 35\u201344 years, 33\u00b76% and 16\u00b71% have experienced at least one episode of PID and salpingitis, respectively (diagnosed or not) and 10\u00b77% have experienced one salpingitis and no further PID episodes, 3\u00b77% one salpingitis and one further PID episode, and 1\u00b77% one salpingitis and \u2a7e2 further PID episodes. Results are consistent with numerous external data sources, but not all. Studies of the proportion of PID that is diagnosed, and the proportion of PIDs that are salpingitis together with the severity distribution in different diagnostic settings and of overlap between routine data sources of PID would be valuable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268816002065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T07:28:20Z","timestamp":1475047700000},"page":"208-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis: incidence of primary and repeat episodes in England"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"M. J.","family":"PRICE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"ADES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. J.","family":"WELTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"SIMMS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"HORNER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref22","unstructured":"Public Health England. National Chlamydia Screening Programme (http:\/\/www.chlamydiascreening.nhs.uk\/ps\/index.asp). 2014."},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008929526011"},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref16","unstructured":"Hospital Episode Statistics (HES). Re-used with the permission of the Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2016."},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref11","unstructured":"Ross JMG . UK national guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease, 2011."},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008489"},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1411426"},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref4","unstructured":"British Association for Sexual Health and HIV Clinical Effectiveness Group. UK national guidline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease 2011. 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Health Technology Assessment Methodology report (in press)."},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00177-S"},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)90790-X"},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181f22f3e"},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6257.15"},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199207000-00001"},{"key":"S0950268816002065_ref17","unstructured":"Public Health England. Genitourinary medicine clinic activity dataset (version 2) (GUMCADv2), 2016."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268816002065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T05:16:30Z","timestamp":1555564590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268816002065\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268816002065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268816002065","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2016\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}