{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:37:55Z","timestamp":1777473475490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475020800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 300 cases of acute toxoplasmosis are confirmed by reference testing in England and Wales annually. We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> infection to inform prevention strategies. Twenty-eight cases and 27 seronegative controls participated. We compared their food history and environmental exposures using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals in a model controlling for age and sex. Univariable analysis showed that the odds of eating beef (OR 10\u00b77, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001), poultry (OR 6\u00b74, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b701) or lamb\/mutton (OR 4\u00b79, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b701) was higher for cases than controls. After adjustment for potential confounders a strong association between beef and infection remained (OR 5\u00b76, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b701). The small sample size was a significant limitation and larger studies are needed to fully investigate potential risk factors. The study findings emphasize the need to ensure food is thoroughly cooked and handled hygienically, especially for those in vulnerable groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268816002235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T03:28:45Z","timestamp":1475033325000},"page":"23-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Risk factors for acute toxoplasmosis in England and Wales"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"SAID","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. D.","family":"HALSBY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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Accessed 25 April 2016."},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.4.754"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000200033"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.022"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref8","unstructured":"PHE. Toxoplasmosis: diagnosis, epidemiology and prevention. (https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/toxoplasmosis)."},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm026"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008942"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref10","unstructured":"Defra, PHE. United Kingdom Zoonoses Report (https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/zoonoses-reports)."},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref9","unstructured":"ACMSF. Risk profile in relation to toxoplasma in the food chain, 2012."},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814003185"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052675"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1511.091094"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance and monitoring of Toxoplasma in humans, food and animals","volume":"583","year":"2007","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/00365549950163626","article-title":"Risk factors for Toxoplasma infection in pregnancy: a case-control study in France","volume":"31","author":"Baril","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scandinavin Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7254.142"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804003620"},{"key":"S0950268816002235_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11105-3"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268816002235","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T01:12:47Z","timestamp":1555549967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268816002235\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268816002235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268816002235","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2016\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}