{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:10:51Z","timestamp":1784347851861,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]],"date-time":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489968000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness. We report the collaborative investigative efforts of US and Canadian public health officials during the 2013\u20132014 international outbreak of multiple <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serotype infections linked to sprouted chia seed powder. The investigation included open-ended interviews of ill persons, traceback, product testing, facility inspections, and trace forward. Ninety-four persons infected with outbreak strains from 16 states and four provinces were identified; 21% were hospitalized and none died. Fifty-four (96%) of 56 persons who consumed chia seed powder, reported 13 different brands that traced back to a single Canadian firm, distributed by four US and eight Canadian companies. Laboratory testing yielded outbreak strains from leftover and intact product. Contaminated product was recalled. Although chia seed powder is a novel outbreak vehicle, sprouted seeds are recognized as an important cause of foodborne illness; firms should follow available guidance to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination during sprouting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268817000504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]],"date-time":"2017-03-20T13:44:28Z","timestamp":1490017468000},"page":"1535-1544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["International outbreak of multiple <i>Salmonella<\/i> serotype infections linked to sprouted chia seed powder \u2013 USA and Canada, 2013\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"R. R.","family":"HARVEY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. E.","family":"HEIMAN MARSHALL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"BURNWORTH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"HAMEL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"TATARYN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"CUTLER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"MEGHNATH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"WELLMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"IRVIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"ISAAC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"CHAU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"LOCAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"KOHL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"HUTH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"NICHOLAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"TRAPHAGEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"SOTO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"MANK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"HOLMES-TALBOT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"NEEDHAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"BARNES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"ADCOCK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"HONISH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"CHUI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"TAYLOR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"GAULIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"BEKAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"WARSHAWSKY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"HOBBS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. R.","family":"TSCHETTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"SURIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"LANCE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. E.","family":"WISE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"WILLIAMS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"GIERALTOWSKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref14","unstructured":"Chia Seeds \u2013 History and Origin. 2015. (http:\/\/www.ahdintl.com\/_oldsite-archive\/ChiaSeeds-HistoryAndOrigin.html). Accessed 6 November 2015."},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.2.158"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections linked to organic sprouted chia powder. 2014. (http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/newport-05-14\/index.html). Accessed 6 May 2016."},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.7.1253"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513985"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref17","first-page":"123","article-title":"National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods","volume":"52","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.1966"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref13","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC investigates ongoing Salmonella outbreak linked to chia products. 2014. (http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2014\/a0613-chia-products.html). Accessed 6 May 2016."},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990503"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref5","first-page":"125","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 11B in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, June 2000","volume":"29","author":"Harb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Canada Communicable Disease Report"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.013"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808001969"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref19","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Current Good Manufacturing Practice, Hazard Analysis, and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Human Food. 2015. (http:\/\/www.regulations.gov\/document?D=FDA-2011-N-0920-1979). Accessed 16 November 2015."},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref6","unstructured":"Ahmed R , Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 13a associated with mung bean sprouts in Ontario, 2005. (http:\/\/www.sproutnet.com\/pdfs\/toronto-mung-2005.pdf). Accessed 6 May 2015."},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref20","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Standards for the Growing, Harvesting, Packing, and Holding of Produce for Human Consumption. 2015. (http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Food\/GuidanceRegulation\/FSMA\/UCM470746.pdf) Accessed 28 October 2015."},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.08.022"},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref18","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: reducing microbial food safety hazards for sprouted seeds. 1999. (http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/GuidanceRegulation\/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation\/ProducePlantProducts\/ucm120244.htm). Accessed 28 October 2015."},{"key":"S0950268817000504_ref11","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Foodbook Report. 2015. (http:\/\/healthycanadians.gc.ca\/publications\/eating-nutrition\/foodbook-2015\/alt\/pub-eng.pdf). Accessed 15 January 2016."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268817000504","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T22:39:25Z","timestamp":1555540765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268817000504\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268817000504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268817000504","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2017\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}