{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T04:36:59Z","timestamp":1781066219858,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]],"date-time":"2017-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495152000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced the incidence of infectious ocular diseases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. However, the effects of long-term ART and chronic HIV infection on the eye are ill-defined. This study determined the occurrence and severity of ocular diseases among 342 participants in a rural South African setting: HIV-na\u00efve (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 105), HIV-infected ART-na\u00efve (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 16), HIV-infected on ART for &lt;12 months (short-term ART; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 56) and HIV-infected individuals on ART for &gt;36 months (long-term ART; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 165). More HIV-infected participants presented with an external eye condition, in particular blepharitis, than HIV-na\u00efve individuals (18% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 7%; age-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2\u00b78, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b705). Anterior segment conditions (particularly keratoconjunctivitis sicca and pterygium) were also more common (50% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 27%; aOR = 2\u00b74; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b701). Compared with individuals on short-term ART, participants receiving long-term ART were more likely to have clinically detectable cataract (57% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 38%; aOR = 2\u00b72, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b701) and posterior segment diseases, especially HIV retinopathy (30% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 11%; aOR = 3\u00b74, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b705). Finally, long-term ART was significantly associated with presence of HIV retinopathy (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b701). These data implicate that ocular disease is more common and of more diverse etiology among HIV-infected individuals, especially those on long-term ART and suggest that regular ophthalmological monitoring of HIV-infected individuals on ART is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268817000978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]],"date-time":"2017-05-19T07:41:08Z","timestamp":1495179668000},"page":"2520-2529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["HIV-infected individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy are at higher risk for ocular disease"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"SCHAFTENAAR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. S.","family":"KHOSA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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