{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:50:55Z","timestamp":1780638655118,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503360000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a spatial-temporal analysis to assess household risk factors for Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in a remote, severely-affected village. We defined a household as a family's shared living space and a case-household as a household with at least one resident who became a suspect, probable, or confirmed Ebola case from 1 August 2014 to 10 October 2014. We used Geographic Information System (GIS) software to calculate inter-household distances, performed space-time cluster analyses, and developed Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). Village X consisted of 64 households; 42% of households became case-households over the observation period. Two significant space-time clusters occurred among households in the village; temporal effects outweighed spatial effects. GEE demonstrated that the odds of becoming a case-household increased by 4\u00b70% for each additional person per household (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b702) and 2\u00b76% per day (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b707). An increasing number of persons per household, and to a lesser extent, the passage of time after onset of the outbreak were risk factors for household Ebola acquisition, emphasizing the importance of prompt public health interventions that prioritize the most populated households. Using GIS with GEE can reveal complex spatial-temporal risk factors, which can inform prioritization of response activities in future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268817001856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T03:56:21Z","timestamp":1503374181000},"page":"2921-2929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Geospatial analysis of household spread of Ebola virus in a quarantined village \u2013 Sierra Leone, 2014"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1897-5231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. L.","family":"GLEASON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"FOSTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. E.","family":"WILT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"MILES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"LEWIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"CAUTHEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"KING","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"BAYOR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"CONTEH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"SESAY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. I.","family":"KAMARA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"LAMBERT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"FINLEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"BEYELER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"MOORE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"GAUDIOSO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. H.","family":"KILMARX","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. T.","family":"REDD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00137-15"},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.120312"},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref18","first-page":"124","article-title":"Use of group quarantine in Ebola control \u2013 Nigeria, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Grigg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.11176"},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6439a4"},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2111.150949"},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref10","unstructured":"Nossiter A . Lockdown begins in Sierra Leone to battle Ebola. The New York Times 2014; 19 September (http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/09\/20\/world\/africa\/ebola-outbreak.html). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref6","unstructured":"National Ebola Response Centre. Sierra Leone emergency management program standard operating procedure for management of quarantine. Approved by National Ebola Response Centre Leadership on October 2014, Version 1 (http:\/\/www.nerc.sl\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/GOSL%20QUARANTINE%20SOP%20final%2028_10-14.pdf). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ebola virus disease consolidated preparedness checklist, revision 1. 15 January 2015. WHO\/EVD\/Preparedness\/14 Rev.1 (http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/137096\/1\/WHO_EVD_Preparedness_14_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimating the future number of cases in the Ebola epidemic \u2013 Liberia and Sierra Leone, 2014\u20132015","volume":"63","author":"Meltzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. Ethics and Ebola: public health planning and response. Liberty-restricting public health interventions and the principle of least infringement. Washington, D.C.: February 2015, pp. 7 (http:\/\/bioethics.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/Ethics-and-Ebola_PCSBI_508.pdf). Accessed 15 January 2016.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2707367"},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO advisory group on the Ebola virus disease response: terms of reference. Global Alert and Response. November 2014 (http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/ebola\/advisory-groups\/adv-group-meeting2.pdf?ua=1). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa \u2013 case counts (http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/outbreaks\/2014-west-africa\/case-counts.html). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. GIS Resources (https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/gis\/resources.htm). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref5","unstructured":"The Assessment Capacities Project. Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Lessons learned from quarantine \u2013 Sierra Leone and Liberia. 19 March 2015 (https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/system\/files\/documents\/files\/t-acaps_thematic_note_ebola_west_africa_quarantine_sierra_leone_liberia_19_march_2015.pdf). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref16","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ebola virus disease. Fact sheet No 103. September 2014. (https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141222153405\/http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs103\/en\/). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref2","first-page":"548","article-title":"Ebola viral disease outbreak \u2013 West Africa, 2014","volume":"63","author":"Dixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ebola response roadmap. WHO\/EVD\/Roadmap\/14.1. 28 August 2014 (http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/131596\/1\/EbolaResponseRoadmap.pdf). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ebola in West Africa: heading for catastrophe? Strong control measures needed to stop steep climb in cases: Ebola at 6 months (http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/ebola\/ebola-6-months\/west-africa\/en\/). Accessed 3 June 2017."},{"key":"S0950268817001856_ref7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Implementation and management of contact tracing for Ebola virus disease (http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/resources\/publications\/ebola\/contact-tracing\/en\/). Accessed 10 August 2015."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268817001856","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T13:14:42Z","timestamp":1570022082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268817001856\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268817001856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268817001856","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2017\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}