{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:55:18Z","timestamp":1789628118394,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513123200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the association between a history of smallpox vaccination and immune activation (IA) in a population of antiretroviral therapy-na\u00efve people living with HIV (PLHIV). A cross-sectional study was conducted in Senegal from July 2015 to March 2017. Smallpox vaccination was ascertained by the presence of smallpox vaccine scar and IA by the plasma level of<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-2-microglobulin (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2m). The association was analysed using logistic regression and linear regression models. The study population comprised 101 PLHIV born before 1980 with a median age of 47 years (interquartile range (IQR) = 42\u201355); 57\u00b74% were women. Smallpox vaccine scar was present in 65\u00b73% and the median<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2m level was 2\u00b759 mg\/l (IQR = 2\u00b706\u20133\u00b786). After adjustment, the presence of smallpox vaccine scar was not associated with a<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2m level \u2a7e2\u00b759 mg\/l (adjusted odds ratio 0\u00b794; 95% confidence interval 0\u00b732\u20132\u00b777). This result was confirmed by the linear regression model. Our study does not find any association between the presence of smallpox vaccine scar and the<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2m level and does not support any association between a previous smallpox vaccination and HIV disease progression. In this study, IA is not a significant determinant of the reported non-targeted effect of smallpox vaccination in PLHIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268817002795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T10:25:41Z","timestamp":1513160741000},"page":"218-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Does smallpox vaccination modify HIV disease progression among ART-naive people living with HIV in Africa?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4291-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"DIOUF","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"TROTTIER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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