{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:23:19Z","timestamp":1784308999358,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515974400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Established methods of recruiting population controls for case\u2013control studies to investigate gastrointestinal disease outbreaks can be time consuming, resulting in delays in identifying the source or vehicle of infection. After an initial evaluation of using online market research panel members as controls in a case\u2013control study to investigate a<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>outbreak in 2013, this method was applied in four further studies in the UK between 2014 and 2016. We used data from all five studies and interviews with members of each outbreak control team and market research panel provider to review operational issues, evaluate risk of bias in this approach and consider methods to reduce confounding and bias. The investigators of each outbreak reported likely time and cost savings from using market research controls. There were systematic differences between case and control groups in some studies but no evidence that conclusions on the likely source or vehicle of infection were incorrect. Potential selection biases introduced by using this sampling frame and the low response rate are unclear. Methods that might reduce confounding and some bias should be balanced with concerns for overmatching. Further evaluation of this approach using comparisons with traditional methods and population-based exposure survey data is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268817002953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T00:39:22Z","timestamp":1515976762000},"page":"458-464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Online market research panel members as controls in case\u2013control studies to investigate gastrointestinal disease outbreaks: early experiences and lessons learnt from the UK"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8661-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Mook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kanagarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. K.","family":"Adak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Elson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hawker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Inns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. C. M","family":"Trienekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Vivancos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.D.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfq048","article-title":"Research synthesis AAPOR report on online panels","volume":"74","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2903"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref18","unstructured":"IMS Health. Available at http:\/\/www.epic-uk.org\/index.html. (Accessed 13 October 2016)."},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref15","unstructured":"ESOMAR. 28 Questions to Help Buyers of Online Samples \u2013 ESOMAR. Available at https:\/\/www.esomar.org\/knowledge-and-standards\/research-resources\/28-questions-on-online-sampling.php (Accessed 2 May 2017)."},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref19","unstructured":"Pet Population (2015) Available at http:\/\/www.pfma.org.uk\/pet-population-2015 (Accessed 19 September 2016)."},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref13","unstructured":"National Diet and Nutrition Survey: results from Years 1 to 4 (combined) of the rolling programme for 2008 and 2009 to 2011 and 2012 \u2013 Publications - GOV.UK. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/national-diet-and-nutrition-survey-results-from-years-1-to-4-combined-of-the-rolling-programme-for-2008-and-2009-to-2011-and-2012 (Accessed 17 March 2016)."},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0005-x"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whelan J , (2010) National outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium (Dutch) phage-type 132 in the Netherlands, October to December 2009. Available at http:\/\/www.eurosurveillance.org\/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19705 (Accessed 8 January 2017).","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.44.19705-en"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref20","unstructured":"Available at http:\/\/www.ukbiobank.ac.uk\/2011\/03\/detailed-diet-questionnaire-underway\/ (Accessed 17 March 2016)."},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref5","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing reveals an outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis associated with reptile feeder mice in the United Kingdom, 2012-2015","author":"Kanagarajah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002332"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref4","first-page":"33225","article-title":"Revolutionising Public Health Reference Microbiology using Whole Genome Sequencing: Salmonella as an exemplar","author":"Ashton","year":"2015","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3382"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002290"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref6","article-title":"National outbreak of Shiga toxin producing E. coli O157:H7 linked to mixed salad leaves, United Kingdom","author":"Gobin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816003009"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref17","unstructured":"Clinical Practice Research Datalink - CPRD. Available at https:\/\/www.cprd.com\/intro.asp (Accessed 13 October 2016)."},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref8","article-title":"Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157 associated with consumption of watercress, United Kingdom, August to September 2013","volume":"18","author":"Launders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002281"},{"key":"S0950268817002953_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815001016"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268818000213","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000}}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268817002953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T06:19:41Z","timestamp":1570601981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268817002953\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268817002953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268817002953","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/S0950268818000213","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2018\u00a0This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}