{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T17:20:33Z","timestamp":1788024033828,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525737600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence of skin sores and scabies in remote Australian Aboriginal communities remains unacceptably high, with Group A<jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>(GAS) the dominant pathogen. We aim to better understand the drivers of GAS transmission using mathematical models. To estimate the force of infection, we quantified the age of first skin sores and scabies infection by pooling historical data from three studies conducted across five remote Aboriginal communities for children born between 2001 and 2005. We estimated the age of the first infection using the Kaplan\u2013Meier estimator; parametric exponential mixture model; and Cox proportional hazards. For skin sores, the mean age of the first infection was approximately 10 months and the median was 7 months, with some heterogeneity in median observed by the community. For scabies, the mean age of the first infection was approximately 9 months and the median was 8 months, with significant heterogeneity by the community and an enhanced risk for children born between October and December. The young age of the first infection with skin sores and scabies reflects the high disease burden in these communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268818001061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T04:01:25Z","timestamp":1525752085000},"page":"1194-1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Calculation of the age of the first infection for skin sores and scabies in five remote communities in northern Australia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6515-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. J.","family":"Lydeamore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4013-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. T.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5404-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W.","family":"Cuningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Kearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Clucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Gundjirryirr Dhurrkay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Carapetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1368-8356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Y. C.","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. M.","family":"McCaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"McVernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421776"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004389"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(98)90118-7"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60914-4"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005726"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1980.tb05572.x"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008655"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107109"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112344"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043034","article-title":"Disease burden and health-care clinic attendances for young children in remote Aboriginal communities of northern Australia","volume":"86","author":"Clucas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199705000-00008"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196710052771403"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref1","unstructured":"Australian Health Ministers\u2019 Advisory Council (2014) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework 2014 Report."},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000554"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref13","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control","author":"Anderson","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058231"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref11","unstructured":"Australia's health (2016) Australia's health series no. 15., Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2016. Cat. no. AUS 199. Canberra: AIHW."},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9_37"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(85)70160-0"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2011.00806.x"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19990228)18:4<441::AID-SIM23>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00132-2"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004151"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000444"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143620.x","article-title":"Outcome of an interventional program for scabies in an Indigenous community","volume":"175","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136789"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1927.0118"},{"key":"S0950268818001061_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1968.02100010532002"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268818001061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1571321122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268818001061\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268818001061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268818001061","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2018\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}