{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:48:30Z","timestamp":1789908510283,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530662400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530662400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Two fatal drumming-related inhalational anthrax incidents occurred in 2006 and 2008 in the UK. One individual was a drum maker and drummer from the Scottish Borders, most likely infected whilst playing a goat-skin drum contaminated with\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores; the second, a drummer and drum maker from East London, likely became infected whilst working with contaminated animal hides.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We have collated epidemiological and environmental data from these incidents and reviewed them alongside three similar contemporaneous incidents in the USA. Sampling operations recovered the causative agent from drums and drum skins and from residences and communal buildings at low levels. From these data, we have considered the nature of the exposures and the number of other individuals likely to have been exposed, either to the primary infection events or to subsequent prolonged environmental contamination (or both).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Despite many individual exposures to widespread low-level spore contamination in private residences and in work spaces for extended periods of time (at least 1 year in one instance), only one other individual acquired an infection (cutaneous). Whilst recognising the difficulty in making definitive inferences from these incidents to specific residual contamination levels, and by extending the risk to public health, we believe it may be useful to reflect on these findings when considering future incident management risk assessments and decisions in similar incidents that result in low-level indoor contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268818001085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T01:39:16Z","timestamp":1530668356000},"page":"1519-1525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Drumming-associated anthrax incidents: exposures to low levels of indoor environmental contamination"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. M.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Pottage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.J.","family":"Silman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.M.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.10.2928-2936.2000"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref16","unstructured":"MMWR (2008) Cutaneous anthrax associated with drum making using goat hides from West Africa \u2013 Connecticut, 2007, in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. p. 628."},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref27","unstructured":"Anon (2001) Evaluation of B anthracis contamination inside Brentwood MMWR.pdf."},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref6","unstructured":"Anon. Treatment of Products. 2015 3rd October 2017; Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/anthrax\/specificgroups\/animal-workers\/products.html."},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref20","first-page":"32","article-title":"Serology testing for anthrax antibodies in workers in a goat hair processing mill","volume":"72","author":"Norman","year":"1960","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref18","volume-title":"Anthrax in Humans and Animals","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref22","volume-title":"Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed to Inquire as to Precautions for Preventing Danger of Infection From Anthrax in the Manipulation of Wool, Goat Hair and Camel Hair","year":"1918"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020728"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/510312"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/LMD56CC0OOUEFQID"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref28","unstructured":"Anon (2001) Update_ investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure Vol 50 No 41.pdf."},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00201112"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2002.001131"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref17","first-page":"37","article-title":"Guidance on environments known to be or suspected of being contaminated with anthrax spores","volume":"4","author":"Turnbull","year":"1996","journal-title":"Land Contamination Reclamation"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref5","unstructured":"MMWR (2010) Gastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event-New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 2009, in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. pp. 872\u2013877."},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.01.018"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.32.20877"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.7.863"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196108032650501"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.081717"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.7.858"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref15","unstructured":"MMWR (2006) Inhalation anthrax associated with dried animal hides \u2013 Pennsylvania and New York City, 2006, in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. p. 280."},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120131"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.030716"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153567600701200207"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13201"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.51.19076-en","article-title":"Investigations and control measures following a case of inhalation anthrax in East London in a drum maker and drummer, October 2008","volume":"13","author":"Anaraki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.130021"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.131764","article-title":"Lessons for control of heroin-associated anthrax in Europe from 2009\u20132010 outbreak case studies, London, UK","volume":"20","author":"Abbara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e3181ca650d"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010604"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref32","unstructured":"Anon (2009) Under the fatal accidents and sudden deaths inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976. Determination by Sheriff Principal Edward Bowen QC. In an inquiry into the death of Pasqual Niall Norris February 2009."},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref14","unstructured":"Anon (2009) Response to Hackney Anthrax Incident, in Internal Report. Health Protection Agency."},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e3181ca64f2"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqh115"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.52.4.632"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref4","volume-title":"Report on the Management of an Anthrax Incident in the Scottish Borders","author":"Riley","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0950268818001085_ref12","unstructured":"Anon (2007) Response to Scottish Borders Anthrax Incident, in Internal Report. Health Protection Agency."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268818001085","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T19:14:33Z","timestamp":1661541273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268818001085\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268818001085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268818001085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2018\u00a0This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}