{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:59:51Z","timestamp":1793501991724,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>) as an obligate intracellular protozoan with a worldwide distribution can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals and humans. This study aims to provide a summary of the available data on genotypes of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in human. Five databases including MEDLINE in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for the <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> genotyping in human during 1995\u2013August 2017. Next, we screened all the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 26 studies were eligible regarding genotyping <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in human samples. In clonal genotyping, 167 out of 286 cases (58%) were infected with type II. Genetic characterisation of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> isolates displayed that type II was the most predominant genotype in human with the prevalence of 64.3%, 62.1% and 41.7% in patients with AIDS, congenital and ocular toxoplasmosis, respectively. In ToxoDB genotyping, most individuals were infected with genotypes #9 and #65 (21.2%). Based on these results, genotype profile of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> isolates is different throughout the world. The strains in Asian and African countries are characterised by low genetic diversity, while in North and South America a wide diversity of this parasite is found. In countries without any data (e.g. Australia, Western and Southern Africa and Western Asia), identification of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> genotypes might discover higher genetic diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268818002947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T06:18:59Z","timestamp":1541398739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Human toxoplasmosis: a systematic review for genetic diversity of <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> in clinical samples"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"S. 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