{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:46:01Z","timestamp":1786999561648,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543968000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543968000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We implemented a cross-sectional study in Tana River County, Kenya, a Rift Valley fever (RVF)-endemic area, to quantify the strength of association between RVF virus (RVFv) seroprevalences in livestock and humans, and their respective intra-cluster correlation coefficients (ICCs). The study involved 1932 livestock from 152 households and 552 humans from 170 households. Serum samples were collected and screened for anti-RVFv immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using inhibition IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data collected were analysed using generalised linear mixed effects models, with herd\/household and village being fitted as random variables. The overall RVFv seroprevalences in livestock and humans were 25.41% (95% confidence interval (CI) 23.49\u201327.42%) and 21.20% (17.86\u201324.85%), respectively. The presence of at least one seropositive animal in a household was associated with an increased odds of exposure in people of 2.23 (95% CI 1.03\u20134.84). The ICCs associated with RVF virus seroprevalence in livestock were 0.30 (95% CI 0.19\u20130.44) and 0.22 (95% CI 0.12\u20130.38) within and between herds, respectively. These findings suggest that there is a greater variability of RVF virus exposure between than within herds. We discuss ways of using these ICC estimates in observational surveys for RVF in endemic areas and postulate that the design of the sentinel herd surveillance should consider patterns of RVF clustering to enhance its effectiveness as an early warning system for RVF epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268818003242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T04:50:03Z","timestamp":1543985403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Association between Rift Valley fever virus seroprevalences in livestock and humans and their respective intra-cluster correlation coefficients, Tana River County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9376-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Bett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4938-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Wainaina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kairu-Wanyoike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bukachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Njeru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ontiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kariuki Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Warimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1988"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144570"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref3","unstructured":"Cagnolati V , Tempia S and Abdi A (2006) Economic Impact of Rift Valley Fever on the Somali Livestock Industry and a novel surveillance approach in nomadic pastoral systems. The 11th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics."},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.080082"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.028"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.07.003"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v88i0.1379"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009806"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20617"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(96)01084-7"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0383","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study of interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus infection among persons with intense ruminant exposure in Madagascar and Kenya","volume":"93","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01905-08"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003548"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074192"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0292"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0291"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0450"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12674"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related to \u201cThe Risk of a Rift Valley Fever Incursion and its Persistence within the Community\u201d","volume":"238","year":"2005","journal-title":"The EFSA Journal"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-92"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002356"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.12.017"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.7.883"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0104"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005731"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0293"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref23","first-page":"555","article-title":"Applying the one health principles: a trans-sectoral coordination framework for preventing and responding to Rift Valley fever outbreaks","volume":"33","author":"de La Rocque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172626"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1988"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12197"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq004"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref36","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Domestic transmission of Rift Valley fever virus in Diawara (Senegal) in 1998","volume":"36","author":"Marrama","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(03)00228-3"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(96)01108-7"},{"key":"S0950268818003242_ref30","first-page":"499","volume-title":"Mixed models for discrete data. 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The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}],"article-number":"e67"}}