{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T08:04:07Z","timestamp":1771661047257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite a long history of dog-transmitted human rabies outbreaks in Liberia, West Africa, no reports exist of molecular characterisation of the causative lyssaviruses. This study investigated<jats:italic>Rabies lyssavirus<\/jats:italic>(RABV) strains isolated at the dog\u2013human interface in Monrovia, Liberia 2016 and 2017, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, using primers specific for the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Out of 20 specimens (19 dog brain samples and one human saliva) tested as suspected rabies cases, three (15%) were positive. Purified amplicons from all three positive specimens were sequenced in both forward and reverse directions. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted in MEGA7 and PhyML3 to determine their relationship with RABV sequences accessioned in NCBI GenBank. The first of three RABV strains detected clustered with China lineage 2 RABVs of dogs (99% homology to KU963489 and DQ666322). The second strain segregated with Africa lineage 2 RABVs also of dog origin, and the third strain segregated with Africa lineage 3 RABVs of Southern Africa viverrids. Our results show a transcontinental strain of rabies virus co-circulating with Africa lineages in post-conflict Liberia. This finding should stimulate more effective sub-regional planning and execution of one-health actions, towards stepwise surveillance and elimination of rabies in West Africa by 2030.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268818003333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T10:37:16Z","timestamp":1550572636000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Molecular detection of rabies virus strain with N-gene that clustered with China lineage 2 co-circulating with Africa lineages in Monrovia, Liberia: first reported case in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. O.","family":"Olarinmoye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Kamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. D.","family":"Jomah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. O.","family":"Olugasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O. O.","family":"Ishola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. D.","family":"Luka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10416.1"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref5","first-page":"13","article-title":"Human rabies transmitted by dogs: current status of global data, 2015","volume":"91","author":"Fahrion","year":"2016","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref9","unstructured":"World Health Organization Human rabies. Available at http:\/\/www.who.int\/rabies\/human\/en\/ (Accessed 19 March 2018)."},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref3","unstructured":"Jomah ND , Ishola OO and Olugasa BO (2018) Detection of dog bite cluster alarms and annual human deaths due to rabies in three selected cities of Liberia, 2008-2013. Pan African Medical Journal - Conference Proceedings. 10, 1. doi: 10.11604\/pamj.cp.2018.10.1.805. Available at https:\/\/www.proceedings.panafrican-med-journal.com\/conference\/2018\/10\/1\/abstract"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.9.9.868"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref7","unstructured":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Virus Taxonomy Report (10th Edition). 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Available at https:\/\/www.lisgis.net\/pg_img\/NPHC%202008%20Final%20Report.pdf (Accessed 19 March 2018)."},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.11.2762-2766.1997","article-title":"Heminested PCR assay for detection of six genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses","volume":"35","author":"Heaton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/339237a0"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref16","first-page":"95","article-title":"Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symposium Series"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/42.2.182"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref22","unstructured":"Enebeli OA (2018) Seroconversion, litigation and risk factors associated with rabies and bites in dogs presented at selected veterinary clinics in Lagos State, Nigeria (Unpublished MPhil Dissertation). Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; 112 pp."},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref23","first-page":"337","article-title":"Vaccine scandal and confidence crisis in China","volume":"392","author":"Xun","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref24","unstructured":"Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) (2017) Vaccine fails to save Chinese rabies victim, leading to investigation of vaccine industry in Shaanxi province. Summary Report. Available at https:\/\/rabiesalliance.org\/resource\/vaccine-fails-save-chinese-rabies-victim-leading-investigation-vaccine-industry-shaanxi (Accessed 9 November 2018)."},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref25","first-page":"346","article-title":"Molecule character of rabies virus in 3 counties in Hunan China","volume":"21","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6984"},{"key":"S0950268818003333_ref27","unstructured":"Kamara VM Phylogenetic characterization of Rabies lyssavirus isolated from dogs in Liberia (Unpublished). 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