{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T00:56:54Z","timestamp":1794358614037,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552435200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Syphilis can cause severe complications and sequelae. Following a decrease in reported cases in European Union\/European Economic Area (EU\/EEA) and other high-income countries in the 1980s and 1990s as a result of the HIV epidemic and ensuing changes in sexual behaviour, trends started to increase in the 2000s in a number of EU\/EEA Member States with higher rates among men and a large proportion of cases reported among men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly HIV-positive MSM. Trends in EU\/EEA Member States vary however with some countries continuing to report decreases in the number of reported cases (mostly in the Eastern part of EU\/EEA) whereas many Western European countries report increasing numbers of cases. Increasing rates among women, although still relatively low, have been observed in a number of countries leading to concerns around mother-to-child transmission of syphilis and congenital syphilis. Similar overall trends are observed in other high-income countries with the exception of Japan where rates among heterosexual men and women have been rising at alarming levels. Control of syphilis requires use of comprehensive, evidence-based strategies which take into account lessons learned from previous control efforts as well as consideration of biomedical interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268819000281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T04:34:30Z","timestamp":1552451670000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["The resurgence of syphilis in high-income countries in the 2000s: a focus on Europe"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8877-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Spiteri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Unemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"M\u00e5rdh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Amato-Gauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref77","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2018) Lymphogranuloma venereum. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2016, Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control."},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00002-X"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000842"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref72","volume-title":"Together We Can. The National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis From the United States","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000216"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417717649"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2012.012023"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.08.012"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH14003"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30089-9"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001718","article-title":"Incidence of sexually transmitted infections before and after preexposure prophylaxis for HIV","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2252-9"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30037-6"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2011.603285"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002830"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044284"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652239"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109813"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref45","first-page":"217","article-title":"Inadvertent use of Bicillin C-R to treat syphilis infection \u2013 Los Angeles, California, 1999\u20132004","volume":"54","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12734"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052306"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref42","volume-title":"Use of Smartphone Application Advertising for HIV Prevention Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the European Union\/European Economic Area \u2013 An ECDC Guide to the Effective Use of Digital Platforms for HIV Prevention","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414538771"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052323"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418757554"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.45.20958"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000478"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6440a6"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref29","volume-title":"The Global Elimination of Congenital Syphilis: Rationale and Strategy for Action","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417733866"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref26","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2018) Congenital syphilis. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2016. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control."},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6444a3"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.312"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000768"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref22","unstructured":"Kirby Institute (2017) HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual surveillance report 2017. Sydney: Kirby Institute, UNSW."},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v44i02a02"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref19","unstructured":"Massimo Mirandola LG , Nigel S , Igor T , Ulrich M , Susanne S , Barbara S , Cinta F , Magdalena R (eds) (2016) The Sialon II project. Report on a bio-behavioural survey among MSM in 13 European cities: Cierre Grafica. ISBN 978-88-98768-55-4."},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref18","first-page":"223","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of patients with syphilis in Gdansk and Warsaw in 2016","volume":"72","author":"Orzechowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Przeglad Epidemiologiczny"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159309"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052754"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref12","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections in Europe 1990\u20132010","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.026245"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.7.853"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref9","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2016","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkt123"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415624059"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref5","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13320"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.187"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31825a3a3c"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.155"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180001"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref59","volume-title":"Antenatal Screening for HIV, Hepatitis B, Syphilis and Rubella Susceptibility in the EU\/EEA","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002473"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01092-16"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref61","volume-title":"HIV and STI Prevention Among Men Who Have Sex With Men","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053065"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6543a2"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref70","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03660488 (Accessed 1 October 2018)."},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3567-x"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref20","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30725-9"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11599\/germs.2016.1093"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref60","volume-title":"WHO Guideline on Syphilis Screening and Treatment for Pregnant Women","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015","volume":"64","author":"Workowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recommendations and Reports"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref14","unstructured":"Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases. Available at https:\/\/atlas.ecdc.europa.eu\/public\/index.aspx (Accessed 28 September 2018)."},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181fe650b","article-title":"Repeat syphilis among men who have sex with men \u2013 San Diego County, 2004\u20132009","volume":"38","author":"Katz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref1","first-page":"xxv","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases","author":"Holmes","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref28","article-title":"Factors associated with four atypical cases of congenital syphilis in England, 2016 to 2017: an ecological analysis","volume":"22","author":"Furegato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref74","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak since November 2016 affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chile connected to the current outbreak in MSM in Europe, situation up to October 2017","volume":"23","author":"Rivas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053273"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052579"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref76","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2018) Gonorrhoea. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2016. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control."},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v42i02a04"},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref13","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2018) Syphilis. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2016. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control."},{"key":"S0950268819000281_ref16","article-title":"Increased incidence of syphilis in men who have sex with men and risk management strategies, Germany, 2015","volume":"21","author":"Jansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268819000281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T08:45:57Z","timestamp":1694681157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268819000281\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S0950268819000281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268819000281","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"article-number":"e143"}}