{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T09:30:17Z","timestamp":1760866217721,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]],"date-time":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570406400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":279,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To better understand hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology in Punjab state, India, we estimated the distribution of HCV antibody positivity (anti-HCV+) using a 2013\u20132014 HCV household seroprevalence survey. Household anti-HCV+ clustering was investigated (a) by individual-level multivariable logistic regression, and (b) comparing the observed frequency of households with multiple anti-HCV+ persons against the expected, simulated frequency assuming anti-HCV+ persons are randomly distributed. Village\/ward-level clustering was investigated similarly. We estimated household-level associations between exposures and the number of anti-HCV+ members in a household (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 1593 households) using multivariable ordered logistic regression. Anti-HCV+ prevalence was 3.6% (95% confidence interval 3.0\u20134.2%). Individual-level regression (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 5543 participants) found an odds ratio of 3.19 (2.25\u20134.50) for someone being anti-HCV+ if another household member was anti-HCV+. Thirty households surveyed had \u2a7e2 anti-HCV+ members, whereas 0\/1000 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001) simulations had \u2a7e30 such households. Excess village-level clustering was evident: 10 villages had \u2a7e6 anti-HCV+ members, occurring in 31\/1000 simulations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.031). The household-level model indicated the number of household members, living in southern Punjab, lower socio-economic score, and a higher proportion having ever used opium\/bhuki were associated with a household's number of anti-HCV+ members. Anti-HCV+ clusters within households and villages in Punjab, India. These data should be used to inform screening efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268819001705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]],"date-time":"2019-10-07T07:56:25Z","timestamp":1570434985000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clustering of hepatitis C virus antibody positivity within households and communities in Punjab, India"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Trickey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Midha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Vellozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Shadaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Surlikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Vickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. T.","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Averhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref34","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899002770"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref36","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S129681"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref28","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.1994.9.6.444"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref26","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.3.525"},{"key":"S0950268819001705_ref24","first-page":"250","article-title":"Evaluation of hepatitis C virus intrafamilial transmission among families with one index case, a pilot study from Fars province, Iran","volume":"9","author":"Lankarani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref9","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1694"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref32","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i4.1684"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref31","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051194"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref7","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14466"},{"volume-title":"Size Estimation of Injecting Drug Use in Punjab and Haryana","year":"2008","author":"Ambekar","key":"S0950268819001705_ref19"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref5","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30181-9"},{"volume-title":"Progress Report on Access to Hepatitis C Treatment","year":"2018","key":"S0950268819001705_ref8"},{"key":"S0950268819001705_ref35","article-title":"Prevalence, nature, context and impact of alcohol use in India: recommendations for practice and research","author":"Prabhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brown School Faculty Publications"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144427"},{"volume-title":"Combating Hepatitis B and C to Reach Elimination by 2030","year":"2016","key":"S0950268819001705_ref1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref27","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199410000-00008"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref23","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00203.x"},{"volume-title":"Punjab State Census 2011","year":"2011","key":"S0950268819001705_ref10"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref12","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200461"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02540.x"},{"volume-title":"In: Guidelines for the Screening Care and Treatment of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection: Updated Version","year":"2016","key":"S0950268819001705_ref3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9227-6"},{"volume":"1","volume-title":"District Epidemiological Profiling Using Data Triangulation Fact Sheets","year":"2012","key":"S0950268819001705_ref18"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref17","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413515659"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007554500896"},{"key":"S0950268819001705_ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Real-world challenges for hepatitis C virus medications: a critical overview","volume":"44","author":"Shahid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Critical Revies in Microbiology"},{"volume-title":"Hepatitis C Fact Sheet","year":"2017","key":"S0950268819001705_ref2"},{"volume-title":"Punjab: Government Launches Special Fund for Free Treatment of Hepatitis C","year":"2016","key":"S0950268819001705_ref11"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.04.001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2016.09.005"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref33","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0019"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref30","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177022"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref13","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i21.2323"},{"unstructured":"Drug and Alcohol Rehab in Thailand. Punjab Drug Epidemic. DARA, Thailand.","key":"S0950268819001705_ref20"},{"key":"S0950268819001705_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-012-9730-6","article-title":"Housing instability among people who inject drugs: results from the Australian Needle and Syringe Program Survey","volume":"90","author":"Topp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0950268819001705_ref22","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23522"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268819001705","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]],"date-time":"2021-01-24T07:21:47Z","timestamp":1611472907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268819001705\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0950268819001705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268819001705","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0950-2688"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-4409"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"article-number":"e283"}}