{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T01:29:10Z","timestamp":1752283750025,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>In the event of a Legionnaires' disease outbreak, rapid location and control of the source of bacteria are crucial for outbreak management and regulation. In this paper, we describe an enhancement of the traditional wind rose for epidemiological use; shifting the focus of measurement from relative frequency of the winds speeds and directions to the relative volume of air carried, whilst also incorporating probability distributions of disease incubation periods to refine identification of the important wind directions during a cases window of exposure, i.e. from which direction contaminated aerosols most likely originated. The probability-weighted wind rose offers a potential improvement over the traditional wind rose by weighting the importance of wind measurements through incorporation of probability of exposure given an individual's time of symptom onset (obtained through knowledge of the incubation period), and by instead focusing on the volume of carrying air which offers better insight into the most probable direction of the source. This then provides a probabilistic distribution of which direction the wind was blowing around the time of infection. We discuss how the probability-weighted wind rose can be implemented during a Legionnaires' disease outbreak, and how outbreak control teams might use it as supportive evidence to identify the most likely direction of the contaminated source from the presumed site of exposure. In addition, this paper discusses how minor adjustments can be made to the method allowing the probability-weighted wind rose to be applied to other non-communicable airborne diseases, providing the disease's probability distribution for the incubation period distribution is well known.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268820000230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:20:23Z","timestamp":1582086023000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Applying probability-weighted incubation period distributions to traditional wind rose methodology to improve public health investigations of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0123-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Bays","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Finnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref3","unstructured":"Public Health England (2017) Monthly Legionella Report. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/legionnaires-disease-monthly-surveillance-reports-2017 (Accessed 27 February 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183455"},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31820937c6"},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498575"},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref5","unstructured":"Public Health England (2015) Monthly Legionella Report. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/legionnaires-disease-monthly-surveillance-reports-2015 (Accessed 27 February 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref1","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Legionella (Legionnaires\u2019 disease and Pontiac fever): causes, how it spreads, and people at risk. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/legionella\/about\/causes-transmission.html (Accessed 3 January 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref6","unstructured":"Public Health England. Legionnaires\u2019 disease in England and Wales 2014. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/legionnaires-disease-in-england-and-wales-2014 (Accessed 27 February 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0603-6"},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref2","unstructured":"Public Health England (2018) Monthly Legionella Report. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/legionnaires-disease-monthly-surveillance-reports-2018 (Accessed 27 February 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref11","first-page":"91","article-title":"Evaluating meteorological data from weather stations, and from satellites and global models for a multi-site epidemiological study","volume":"165","author":"Colston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Study"},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref21","unstructured":"Bokeh. Available at https:\/\/bokeh.pydata.org\/en\/latest\/ (Accessed 17 January 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref4","unstructured":"Public Health England (2016) Monthly Legionella Report. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/legionnaires-disease-monthly-surveillance-reports-2016 (Accessed 27 February 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref8","first-page":"30","article-title":"The application of geographic information systems and spatial data during Legionnaires\u2019 disease outbreak responses","volume":"17","author":"Bull","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref12","unstructured":"Thoen, B and GISNet. Origins of the Compass Rose. Available at http:\/\/www.gisnet.com\/notebook\/comprose.php (Accessed 25 October 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.04.064"},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref17","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Legionellosis. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/legionellosis (Accessed 22 October 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref18","unstructured":"Met Office. What does this forecast mean? Available at https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/weather\/guides\/what-does-this-forecast-mean (Accessed 30 May 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2019.02.006"},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref7","unstructured":"Public Health England. Legionnaires\u2019 disease in England and Wales 2013. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/legionnaires-disease-in-england-and-wales-2013 (Accessed 27 February 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.068"},{"key":"S0950268820000230_ref20","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Legionnaires\u2019 disease outbreak investigation toolbox \u2013 incubation period. Available at https:\/\/legionnaires.ecdc.europa.eu\/?pid=107 (Accessed 31\/20\/2019)."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268820000230","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:20:28Z","timestamp":1582086028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268820000230\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["S0950268820000230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268820000230","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0950-2688"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-4409"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"article-number":"e33"}}