{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:52:34Z","timestamp":1790729554765,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":138,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate risk factors associated with shedding of pathogenic<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>species in urine at animal and herd levels. In total, 200 dairy farms were randomly selected from the DairyNZ database. Urine samples were taken from 20 lactating, clinically normal cows in each herd between January and April 2016 and tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using<jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>as the target gene. Overall, 26.5% of 200 farms had at least one PCR positive cow and 2.4% of 4000 cows were shedding<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>in the urine. Using a questionnaire, information about risk factors at cow and farm level was collected via face-to-face interviews with farm owners and managers. Animals on all but one farm had been vaccinated against Hardjo and Pomona and cows on 54 of 200 (27%) farms had also been vaccinated against Copenhageni in at least one age group (calves, heifers and cows). Associations found to be statistically significant in univariate analysis (at<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.2) were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Factors associated with shedding included cattle age (Odds ratio (OR) 0.82, 95% CI 0.71\u20130.95), keeping sheep (OR 5.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46\u201321.25) or dogs (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.07\u20131.97) and managing milking cows in a single as opposed to multiple groups (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.20\u20130.99). We conclude that younger cattle were more likely to be shedding<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>than older cattle and that the presence of sheep and dogs was associated with an increased risk of shedding in cows. Larger herds were at higher risk of having<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>shedders. However, none of the environmental risk factors that were assessed (e.g. access to standing water, drinking-water source), or wildlife abundance on-farm, or pasture were associated with shedding, possibly due to low statistical power, given the low overall shedding rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095026882000103x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T04:36:04Z","timestamp":1589776564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["On-farm risk factors associated with<i>Leptospira<\/i>shedding in New Zealand dairy cattle"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Yupiana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Vall\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. F.","family":"Weston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Benschop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Collins-Emerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Heuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104727"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2014000400006"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9607-1"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2010.02505.x"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref4","first-page":"271","article-title":"A nationwide experiment to control human leptospirosis by vaccinating dairy cattle","volume":"43","author":"Marshall","year":"1987","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref10","first-page":"16","article-title":"Does long-term vaccination eliminate leptospiral shedding? A pilot study of New Zealand dairy cattle herds","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vetscript"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111400055X"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1980.34709"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1980.tb02601.x"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","volume":"387","author":"Adler","year":"2015"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400069679"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1960.33383"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Herd-level risk factors associated with Leptospira Hardjo seroprevalence in Beef\/Suckler herds in the Republic of Ireland","volume":"2","author":"Ryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veterinary Ireland Journal"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1982.34873","article-title":"The epidemiological interpretation of serological responses to leptospiral serovars in sheep","volume":"30","author":"Blackmore","year":"1982a","journal-title":"New Zealand Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1976.34320"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(93)90081-P"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714548476"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.03.001"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref35","unstructured":"35. Mannewald, A (2019) Prevalence of Atypical Leptospira serovars in New Zealand's Pastoral Livestock (thesis). Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden."},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.102"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2010000500004"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1982.34907"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref3","unstructured":"3. Mackintosh, CG (1981) A Study of the Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis on Dairy Farms (dissertation). Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand."},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref42","unstructured":"42. Moinet, M (2017) Is wildlife a source of Leptospira infection in livestock in New Zealand? The 2017 Conference Proceedings of the Large Animal Veterinarian Technicians Group of the NZVA Wellington, NZ."},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.11.008"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1980.34769"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12146"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603979103"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.02.015"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1982.34915"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1953.33103","article-title":"Bovine leptospirosis in Northland","volume":"1","author":"Ensor","year":"1953","journal-title":"New Zealand Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref15","first-page":"649","article-title":"Risks of contracting leptospirosis on the dairy farm","volume":"95","author":"Blackmore","year":"1982","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref43","volume-title":"The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals","author":"King","year":"2005"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.02.002"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711407892"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.03.032"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref26","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiologic Research","author":"Dohoo","year":"2009"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref27","unstructured":"27. LIC and DairyNZ Limited (2016) New Zealand Dairy Statistics 2015\u201316. Available at https:\/\/www.dairynz.co.nz\/publications\/dairy-industry\/new-zealand-dairy-statistics-2015-16\/."},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2012.719212"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref13","first-page":"20","article-title":"A retrospective review of notified human leptospirosis cases in the Waikato region of New Zealand, 2004 to 2010","volume":"125","author":"Cowie","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2015.1049668"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1255-2"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref12","unstructured":"12. Descriptive Epidemiology of Human Leptospirosis in New Zealand: 1999 to 2016. (Nisa S, personal communication, 10 September 2018)."},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2018.1507770"},{"key":"S095026882000103X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003843","article-title":"Environmental and behavioural determinants of leptospirosis transmission: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Mwachui","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S095026882000103X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T06:22:03Z","timestamp":1696141323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S095026882000103X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S095026882000103X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s095026882000103x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e219"}}