{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:45:45Z","timestamp":1790005545453,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":271,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gonorrhoea cases in women have been rising in Australia in the 2010s but the cause of the increase is not well understood. This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the characteristics of genital gonorrhoea infection in women attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia. Gonorrhoea cases were diagnosed by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and\/or culture. Genitourinary specimens were obtained in 12 869 clinic visits in women aged 16 years or above between August 2017 and August 2018. Genital gonorrhoea was detected in 142 (1.1%) of the visits. Almost half of the cases were asymptomatic, 47.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 39.8\u201356.1%]; yellow, green or pus-like vaginal discharge was present in 11.3% (95% CI 7.0\u201317.6%) and other genital symptoms in 40.8% (95% CI 33.1\u201349.1%) of the cases. The mean time between last sexual contact and onset of symptoms was 7.3 days and between the onset of symptoms to presentation to the clinic was 12.1 days. Half of the cases of genital gonorrhoea among women are asymptomatic and these cases would have been missed by testing of only symptomatic women. Further epidemiological and behavioural research is required to understand the temporal changes in sexual practices among women in Australia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268820002265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T05:59:02Z","timestamp":1601272742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Clinical presentation of asymptomatic and symptomatic women who tested positive for genital gonorrhoea at a sexual health service in Melbourne, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-5331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason J.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Maddaford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona S.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-0657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric P.F.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92720-9"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-196805000-00013"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027245"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2009.00324.x"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref2","first-page":"E212","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections in Melbourne, Australia from 1918 to 2016: nearly a century of data","volume":"41","author":"Jasek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref8","unstructured":"8. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2019) Gonorrhoea. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2017. Stockholm: ECDC."},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20224","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.29.20224-en","article-title":"Rapid increase in gonorrhoea and syphilis diagnoses in England in 2011","volume":"17","author":"Savage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.04.004"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref18","first-page":"f7715","article-title":"Doctors warn local authorities about putting sexual health services out to tender","volume":"348","author":"Dyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103081"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052882"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646206778113069"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections--2002","volume":"51","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports\/Centers for Disease Control"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref23","first-page":"41","article-title":"Gonorrhoea in 1972. A 1 year study of patients attending the VD unit in Uppsala","volume":"51","author":"Wallin","year":"1975","journal-title":"British Journal of Venereal Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH14105"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05197-y"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref20","first-page":"197","article-title":"Gonorrhea infection in women: Prevalence, effects, screening, and management","volume":"3","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref35","unstructured":"35. Department of Health & Human Services, State Government of Victoria (2019) Syphilis cases continue to rise in Victoria in both men and women. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www2.health.vic.gov.au\/about\/news-and-events\/healthalerts\/rising-syphilis-cases-."},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bridging of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lineages across sexual networks in the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis era","volume":"10","author":"Williamson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications Springer US"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref24","unstructured":"24. The Australian Government (2019) Department of Health. Australian STI management guidelines for use in primary care. Gonorrhoea. (http:\/\/www.sti.guidelines.org.au\/sexually-transmissible-infections\/gonorrhoea#diagnosis). Accessed 14 February 2020."},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref34","unstructured":"34. Kirby Institute (2018) Annual surveillance report 2018 HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia. Available at: https:\/\/kirby.unsw.edu.au\/sites\/default\/files\/kirby\/report\/KI_Annual-Surveillance-Report-2018_0.pdf."},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for the Laboratory-Based Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae - 2014","volume":"63","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03340230057031"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001068"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1330511"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref3","first-page":"42","article-title":"Trends in gonorrhoea infection and overseas sexual contacts among females attending a sexual health centre in Melbourne, Australia, 2008\u20132015","volume":"2018","author":"Misson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Communicable Diseases Intelligence"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref6","first-page":"19","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections and chlamydia screening in England, 2018","volume":"13","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Protection Report"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref21","first-page":"255","article-title":"Screening females for asymptomatic gonorrhea infection","volume":"70","author":"Pedersen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Northwest Med"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.44.1900219"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19027"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00802.x"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja14.00780"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053957"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH17182"},{"key":"S0950268820002265_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30043-8"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268820002265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T06:55:57Z","timestamp":1617519357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268820002265\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0950268820002265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268820002265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e240"}}