{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1781107680435,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":287,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>In Germany, sheep are the main source of human Q fever epidemics, but data on <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>) infections and related risk factors in the German sheep population remain scarce. In this cross-sectional study, a standardised interview was conducted across 71 exclusively sheep as well as mixed (sheep and goat) farms to identify animal and herd level risk factors associated with the detection of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> antibodies or pathogen-specific gene fragments via univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Serum samples and genital swabs from adult males and females of 3367 small ruminants from 71 farms were collected and analysed using ELISA and qPCR, respectively. On animal level, univariable analysis identified young animals (&lt;2 years of age; odds ratio (OR) 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13\u20130.83) to reduce the risk for seropositivity significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The final multivariable logistic models identified lambing all year-round (OR 3.46\/3.65; 95% CI 0.80\u201315.06\/0.41\u201332.06) and purchases of sheep and goats (OR 13.61\/22.99; 95% CI 2.86\u201364.64\/2.21\u2013239.42) as risk factors on herd level for <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection detected via ELISA and qPCR, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268820002447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T07:04:59Z","timestamp":1602659099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Risk factors for an infection with <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i> in German sheep flocks"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5321-7225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. L.","family":"Pr\u00fcfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Schoneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Campe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Runge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ganter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. U.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref22","unstructured":"22. Destatis. Agrarstrukturerhebung 2016, Landwirtschaftliche Betriebe mit Schaf- und Ziegenhaltung am 1. M\u00e4rz 2016 nach Tierarten und Bundesl\u00e4ndern. Accessed 17.1.2017. Own calculation."},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249688"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref9","first-page":"184","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii: a review focusing on infections in German sheep and goat focks","author":"Bauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002268"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref32","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Q Fever","author":"Lang","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1672"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009533"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030724"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.07.007"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-13"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.04.001"},{"key":"S0950268820002447_ref20","unstructured":"20. Destatis. Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Viehhaltung der Betriebe-Fachserie 3 Reihe 2.1.3\u20132016. Landwirtschaftliche Betriebe mit Schafhaltung und Schafbestand am 1. M\u00e4rz 2016 nach regionaler Einheit. (https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/DE\/Themen\/Branchen-Unternehmen\/Landwirtschaft-Forstwirtschaft-Fischerei\/Tiere-Tierische-Erzeugung\/Publikationen\/Downloads-Tiere-und-tierische-Erzeugung\/viehhaltung-2030213169004.html). Accessed: 14.1.2017. 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Destatis. Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Betriebe mit Schafhaltung nach Bestandsgr\u00f6\u00dfenklassen am 1. M\u00e4rz 2016 (https:\/\/www.bmel-statistik.de\/landwirtschaft\/tierhaltung\/schafhaltung\/). Accessed 14.1.2017. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e260"}}