{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:35:18Z","timestamp":1789504518065,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>People in prison are disproportionately affected by viral hepatitis. To examine the current epidemiology of and responses targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV) in prisons across the European Union, European Economic Area and United Kingdom, we analysed HBV-specific data from the World Health Organization's Health in Prisons European Database and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control's hepatitis B prevalence database. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence ranged from 0% in a maximum-security prison in United Kingdom to 25.2% in two Bulgarian juvenile detention centres. Universal HBV screening on opt-out basis and vaccination were reported available in 31% and 85% of 25 countries, respectively. Disinfectants, condoms and lubricants were offered free of charge in all prisons in the country by 26%, 46% and 15% of 26 countries, respectively. In 38% of reporting countries, unsupervised partner visits with the possibility for sexual intercourse was available in all prisons. The findings are suggestive of high HBV prevalence amidst suboptimal coverage of interventions in prisons. A harmonised monitoring system and robust data at national and regional levels are needed to better understand the HBV situation in prisons within the framework of the European action plan and Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268821000169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T03:36:33Z","timestamp":1611545793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Hepatitis B virus infection in EU\/EEA and United Kingdom prisons: a descriptive analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7392-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya Olivia","family":"Nakitanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Tavoschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2275-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antons","family":"Mozalevskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Duffell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref14","unstructured":"14. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2019) Hepatitis B \u2013 prevalence database. Available at https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/all-topics-zhepatitis-btools\/hepatitis-b-prevalence-database (accessed 1 March 2020)."},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref34","first-page":"529","article-title":"Hepatitis B outbreak in a state correctional facility, 2000","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02419.x"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref15","volume-title":"Systematic Review on Hepatitis B and C Prevalence in the EU\/EEA","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref7","volume-title":"SPACE I - 2018 \u2013 Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison Populations","author":"Aebi","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref16","volume-title":"Status Report on Prison Health in the WHO European Region","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref9","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C prevalence and incidence in key population groups with multiple risk factors in the EU\/EEA: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Mason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13071"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-2988-x"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.014"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-3970-z"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4581-3"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09515-6"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref13","unstructured":"13. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (2016) Health in Prisons European Database (HIPED). Available at http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/node.prisons.All_Countries?lang=en (accessed 1 March 2020)."},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref37","volume-title":"Health in Prisons: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref1","volume-title":"Global Hepatitis Report 2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13944"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref39","volume-title":"European Mapping of Harm Reduction Interventions in Prisons","author":"Anna Tarj\u00e1n","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref33","unstructured":"33. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2020) Hepatitis B. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2018. 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World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (2017) Action plan for the health sector response to viral hepatitis in the WHO European Region."},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2908-5"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref42","volume-title":"Monitoring of the Responses to the Hepatitis B and C Epidemics in EU\/EEA Member States, 2019","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv133"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5672795"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050856"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1998.tb140281.x"},{"key":"S0950268821000169_ref10","unstructured":"10. World Health Organization (2016) Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016\u20132021. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e59"}}