{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T08:42:43Z","timestamp":1774168963518,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":108,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>In November 2017, eight confirmed measles cases were reported to Public Health England from a hospital in the West Midlands. A multidisciplinary Incident Management Team (IMT) was established to determine the extent of the problem and coordinate an outbreak response. Between 1 November 2017 and 4 June 2018, a total of 116 confirmed and 21 likely measles cases were linked to this outbreak; just under half (43%) were aged over 15 years of age. Fifty-five of the confirmed cases were hospitalised (48%) and no deaths were reported. At the start of the outbreak, cases were mostly individuals of Romanian origin; the outbreak subsequently spread to the wider population. Over the 8-month response, the IMT conducted the following control measures: extensive contact tracing, immediate provision of post-exposure prophylaxis, community engagement amongst specific high-risk groups, MMR awareness raising including catch-up campaigns and enhanced vaccination services at selected GP surgeries. Key challenges to the effective control measures included language difficulties limiting community engagement; delays in diagnosis, notification and appropriate isolation of cases; limited resources for contact tracing across multiple high-risk settings (including GPs and hospitals) and lack of timely data on vaccine coverage in sub-groups of the population to guide public health action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268821000868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T09:03:49Z","timestamp":1618823029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A large outbreak of measles in the West Midlands, England, 2017\u20132018: descriptive epidemiology, control measures and lessons learnt"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Mulchandani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Sibal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Suleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Teagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Foulkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Edeghere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref7","unstructured":"7. Public Health England (2019) UK measles and rubella elimination strategy 2019. 01 January 2019. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/measles-and-rubella-elimination-uk-strategy (Accessed 01 January 2020)."},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref18","unstructured":"18. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2012) Review of outbreaks and barriers to MMR vaccination coverage among hard-to-reach populations in Europe: technical report. Venice II Consortium, September 2012. Available at https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/review-outbreaks-and-barriers-mmr-vaccination-coverage-among-hard-reach (Accessed 01 January 2020)."},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref16","article-title":"Outbreak of a new measles B3 variant in the Roma\/Sinti population with transmission in the nosocomial setting, Italy, November 2015 to April 2016","volume":"21","author":"Filia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.42.17-00673"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref4","unstructured":"4. Public Health England (2019) Guidelines on post-exposure prophylaxis for measles. 04 July 2019. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/measles-post-exposure-prophylaxis (Accessed 01 January 2020)."},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref5","unstructured":"5. NHS Digital (2020) Childhood vaccination coverage statistics: childhood vaccination coverage statistics, England, 2016\u20132017. (Accessed 13 October 2020)."},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref8","unstructured":"8. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2018) Measles and rubella surveillance \u2013 2017. 23 April 2018. Available at https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/annual-measles-and-rubella-monitoring-report-2017 (Accessed 01 January 2020)."},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref20","first-page":"404","article-title":"Responding to measles outbreaks in underserved Roma and Romanian populations in England: the critical role of community understanding and engagement","volume":"68","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62352-5"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818002170"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.36.30611"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/030.65.2018.014"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref3","first-page":"CD004407","article-title":"Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children","volume":"2012","author":"Demicheli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref12","first-page":"E8","article-title":"Measles outbreak from February to August 2017 in Messina, Italy","volume":"59","author":"Palamara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Preventative Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2019.100018"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119328070"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8454-x"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X697961"},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref6","unstructured":"6. Public Health England (2019) National measles guidelines. 2019. 01 December 2019. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/national-measles-guidelines (Accessed 01 January 2020)."},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref9","unstructured":"9. Office for National Statistics (2019) Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2018, using April 2019 local authority district codes. 25 June 2019. Available at https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/populationandmigration\/populationestimates\/datasets\/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland (Accessed 01 January 2020)."},{"key":"S0950268821000868_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.29.1900041"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268821000868","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T08:26:07Z","timestamp":1620807967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268821000868\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["S0950268821000868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268821000868","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Public Health England, 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e114"}}