{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T01:54:37Z","timestamp":1756000477011,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":115,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Recently, the antibacterial properties of oestrogen and progestogen were discovered. The aim of this study was to find the cross-sectional association between oral contraceptive use and <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence. Data were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to categorise participants as seropositive or seronegative. The study population included 799 female participants who had information on <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence and all other covariates and had not been taking any medications (except oral contraceptives). The bivariate Rao\u2013Scott chi-square test indicated a significant association between <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence and contraceptive use (<jats:italic>P &lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.01). The variables of race, education, poverty income ratio, smoking, and blood lead and cadmium levels were also significantly associated with <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence (<jats:italic>P &lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.01). Multiple logistic regression analysis of the age-adjusted model revealed that contraceptive users are 65% less likely of being <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seropositive as compared to non-contraceptive users (odds ratio (OR): 0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18\u20130.68). This association is stronger with the final multivariate model (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.23\u20130.89). <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: This finding reveals the potential protective effect of oral contraceptives against <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and serves as a foundation study for further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268821000923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T08:00:46Z","timestamp":1619424046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Protective effect of oral contraceptive against <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection in US adult females: NHANES 1999\u20132000"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6426-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Fong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Q. 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