{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:55:34Z","timestamp":1774353334932,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>There is a paucity of evidence about the prevalence and risk factors for symptomatic infection among children. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its risk factors in children and adolescents aged 0\u201318 years in Qatar. We conducted a cross-sectional study of all children aged 0\u201318 years diagnosed with COVID-19 using polymerase chain reaction in Qatar during the period 1st March to 31st July 2020. A generalised linear model with a binomial family and identity link was used to assess the association between selected factors and the prevalence of symptomatic infection. A total of 11 445 children with a median age of 8 years (interquartile range (IQR) 3\u201313 years) were included in this study. The prevalence of symptomatic COVID-19 was 36.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 35.7\u201337.5), and it was similar between children aged &lt;5 years (37.8%), 5\u20139 years (34.3%) and 10 + years (37.3%). The most frequently reported symptoms among the symptomatic group were fever (73.5%), cough (34.8%), headache (23.2%) and sore throat (23.2%). Fever (82.8%) was more common in symptomatic children aged &lt;5 years, while cough (38.7%) was more prevalent in those aged 10 years or older, compared to other age groups. Variables associated with an increased risk of symptomatic infection were; contact with confirmed cases (RD 0.21; 95% CI 0.20\u20130.23; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), having visited a health care facility (RD 0.54; 95% CI 0.45\u20130.62; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), and children aged under 5 years (RD 0.05; 95% CI 0.02\u20130.07; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) or aged 10 years or older (RD 0.04; 95% CI 0.02\u20130.06; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). A third of the children with COVID-19 were symptomatic with a higher proportion of fever in very young children and a higher proportion of cough in those between 10 and 18 years of age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268821001515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T07:45:57Z","timestamp":1625211957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of symptomatic COVID-19 infection among children and adolescents in Qatar: a cross-sectional analysis of 11 445 individuals"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omran A. H.","family":"Musa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tawanda","family":"Chivese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devendra","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jazeel","family":"Abdulmajeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8947-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman","family":"Ameen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazmul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Sallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soha S.","family":"Albayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayat S.","family":"Khogali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shazia N. N.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-4016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayed M.","family":"Himatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Nour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiman A.","family":"Elberdiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdallah Musa","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Furuya-Kanamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamad E.","family":"Al-Romaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suhail A. R.","family":"Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H. J.","family":"Al-Thani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmoubashar","family":"Abu Baker Abd Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1892"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14485\/HBPR.8.1.4"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26398"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.08.037"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref3","unstructured":"3. Health MoP. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19 2021). Available at https:\/\/covid19.moph.gov.qa\/EN\/Pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref20","unstructured":"20. WHO (2020) The First Few COVID-19 X cases and contacts transmission investigation protocol (FFX). In: WHO, editor. Version 2 ed2020."},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref21","article-title":"Symptoms and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among Children-Utah and Wisconsin, March-May 2020","volume":"147","author":"Laws","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6914e4","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in children \u2013 United States, February 12\u2013April 2, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Bialek","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100433"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30264-4"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202430","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.2430","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical features, and disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a children's hospital in New York City, New York","volume":"174","author":"Zachariah","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.02.011"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15270"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref1","unstructured":"1. Worldometer. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic 2020. Available at https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/."},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56090474"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19393-6"},{"key":"S0950268821001515_ref2","unstructured":"2. Mayoclinic. COVID-19 (coronavirus) in babies and children 2020. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e193"}}