{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T16:39:33Z","timestamp":1794328773540,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":199,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>About 800 foodborne disease outbreaks are reported in the United States annually. Few are associated with food recalls. We compared 226 outbreaks associated with food recalls with those not associated with recalls during 2006\u20132016. Recall-associated outbreaks had, on average, more illnesses per outbreak and higher proportions of hospitalisations and deaths than non-recall-associated outbreaks. The top confirmed aetiology for recall-associated outbreaks was <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. Pasteurised and unpasteurised dairy products, beef and molluscs were the most frequently implicated foods. The most common pathogen\u2212food pairs for outbreaks with recalls were <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>-beef and norovirus-molluscs; the top pairs for non-recall-associated outbreaks were scombrotoxin-fish and ciguatoxin-fish. For outbreaks with recalls, 48% of the recalls occurred after the outbreak, 27% during the outbreak, 3% before the outbreak, and 22% were inconclusive or had unknown recall timing. Fifty per cent of recall-associated outbreaks were multistate, compared with 2% of non-recall-associated outbreaks. The differences between recall-associated outbreaks and non-recall-associated outbreaks help define the types of outbreaks and food vehicles that are likely to have a recall. Improved outbreak vehicle identification and traceability of rarely recalled foods could lead to more recalls of these products, resulting in fewer illnesses and deaths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268821001722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T06:40:53Z","timestamp":1626676853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Food recalls associated with foodborne disease outbreaks, United States, 2006\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6977-1263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qihua","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dewey-Mattia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjana","family":"Subramhanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Lance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Lanier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref11","first-page":"335","article-title":"Notes from the field: increase in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with consumption of Atlantic Coast shellfish \u2013 2013","volume":"63","author":"Newton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6710a1"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2324"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref8","unstructured":"8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). FoodNet Fast's Population Survey Tool. Available at https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Foodnetfast\/PopSurvey (Accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref14","unstructured":"14. Tian, F . A supply chain traceability system for food safety based on HACCP, blockchain & Internet of things. In 2017 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM) 2017 June 16 (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE."},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1705"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.12.19524-en"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070666"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816002314"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/inov_a_00266"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref5","unstructured":"5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guide to confirming an etiology in foodborne disease outbreak. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/foodsafety\/outbreaks\/investigating-outbreaks\/confirming_diagnosis.html (Accessed 2 February 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141650"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.1.31"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6443a4"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2306.151603"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref4","unstructured":"4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Recalls background and definitions. Available at https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/safety\/industry-guidance-recalls\/recalls-background-and-definitions (Accessed 2 February 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-364"},{"key":"S0950268821001722_ref3","unstructured":"3. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). FSIS food recalls. Available at https:\/\/www.fsis.usda.gov\/wps\/portal\/fsis\/topics\/food-safety-education\/get-answers\/food-safety-fact-sheets\/production-and-inspection\/fsis-food-recalls\/fsis-food-recalls (Accessed 2 February 2021)."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268821001722","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T06:56:07Z","timestamp":1629269767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268821001722\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["S0950268821001722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268821001722","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e190"}}