{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:20:22Z","timestamp":1773213622021,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":298,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bavarian Ministry of Health and Care","award":["Bay-VOC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bay-VOC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>The corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread around the world. The pandemic overlapped with two consecutive influenza seasons (2019\/2020 and 2020\/2021). This provided the opportunity to study community circulation of influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in outpatients with acute respiratory infections during these two seasons within the Bavarian Influenza Sentinel (BIS) in Bavaria, Germany. From September to March, oropharyngeal swabs collected at BIS were analysed for influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In BIS 2019\/2020, 1376 swabs were tested for influenza viruses. The average positive rate was 37.6%, with a maximum of over 60% (in January). The predominant influenza viruses were Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 202), Influenza A(H3N2) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 144) and Influenza B Victoria lineage (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 129). In all, 610 of these BIS swabs contained sufficient material to retrospectively test for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detectable in any of these swabs. In BIS 2020\/2021, 470 swabs were tested for influenza viruses and 457 for SARS-CoV-2. Only three swabs (0.6%) were positive for Influenza, while SARS-CoV-2 was found in 30 swabs (6.6%). We showed that no circulation of SARS-CoV-2 was detectable in BIS during the 2019\/2020 influenza season, while virtually no influenza viruses were found in BIS 2020\/2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268821002296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T10:01:30Z","timestamp":1635242490000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reciprocal circulation pattern of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses during the influenza seasons 2019\/2020 and 2020\/2021 in the Bavarian Influenza Sentinel (Germany)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"Heinzinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Eberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hildegard","family":"Angermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Flechsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Dangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Sprenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Hepner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Biere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Liebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1619-6047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Sing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.11.2100221"},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0713-1"},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02116-09"},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30314-5"},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002228"},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref15","first-page":"7","article-title":"Abrupter r\u00fcckgang der raten an atemwegserkrankungen in der deutschen bev\u00f6lkerung","volume":"2020","author":"Buchholz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiologisches Bulletin"},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01611-y","article-title":"Virological COVID-19 surveillance in Bavaria, Germany suggests no SARS-CoV-2 spread prior to the first German case in January 2020","volume":"49","author":"Eberle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref27","unstructured":"27. Robert Koch-Institut (2021) Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 \u2013 Aktueller Lage-\/Situationsbericht des RKI zu COVID-19: COVID-19-Lagebericht vom 23.03.202. Available at https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/InfAZ\/N\/Neuartiges_Coronavirus\/Situationsberichte\/Gesamt.html (Accessed 29 Mar 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref28","unstructured":"28. ECDC COVID-19-Surveillancereport (2021) Weekly surveillance summary: Week 11, 2021. Available at https:\/\/covid19-surveillance-report.ecdc.europa.eu\/ (Accessed 29 Mar 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.202296"},{"key":"S0950268821002296_ref16","unstructured":"16. Flu News Europe. (Season 2019\u20132020.) Flu News Europe Bulletin: Season 2019\u20132020. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e226"}}