{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T23:01:20Z","timestamp":1785193280226,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K17369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K17369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research for risk assessment and implementation of"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research for risk assessment and implementation of"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012319","name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20A05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20A05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    At present, there is scarce evidence about the burden associated with the isolation of COVID-19 patients. We aimed to assess the differences between COVID-19 and other influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) in disease burden brought by isolation. We conducted an online survey of 302 respondents who had COVID-19 or other ILIs and compared the burden of isolation due to sickness with one-to-one propensity score matching. The primary outcomes are the duration and productivity losses associated with isolation, the secondary outcome is the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) valuation on the day of the survey. Acute symptoms of outpatient COVID-19 and other ILIs lasted 17 (interquartile range (IQR) 9\u201332) and 7 (IQR 4\u201310) days, respectively. The length of isolation due to COVID-19 was 18 (IQR 10\u201333) days and that due to other ILIs was 7 (IQR 4\u201311) days, respectively. The monetary productivity loss of isolation due to COVID-19 was 1424.3 (IQR 825.6\u20132545.5) USD and that due to other ILIs was 606.1 (IQR 297.0\u20131090.9) USD, respectively. HRQoL at the time of the survey was lower in the COVID-19 group than in the \u2018other ILIs\u2019 group (0.89 and 0.96,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.001). COVID-19 infection imposes a substantial disease burden, even in patients with non-severe disease. This burden is larger for COVID-19 than other ILIs, mainly because the required isolation period is longer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268821002569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T08:29:10Z","timestamp":1639384150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The burden of isolation to the individual: a comparison between isolation for COVID-19 and for other influenza-like illnesses in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5732-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinya","family":"Tsuzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Ohmagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Beutels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref16","unstructured":"16. World Health Organization. Criteria for releasing COVID-19 patients from isolation. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/commentaries\/detail\/criteria-for-releasing-covid-19-patients-from-isolation (Accessed 6 July 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.17.2000257"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2565"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref27","unstructured":"27. UK guidelines for managing long-term effects of COVID-19 \u2013 The Lancet. https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(21)00847-3\/fulltext (Accessed 17 May 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08603-x"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00268.2020"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref18","volume-title":"Guidance for Discharge and Ending of Isolation of People with COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref17","volume-title":"Interim Guidance on Ending Isolation and Precautions for Adults with COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref23","volume-title":"The 15\u2013D Measure of Health-Related Quality of Life: Reliability, Validity and Sensitivity of its Health State Descriptive System, Monash University, Working Paper 41","author":"Sintonen","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jammi-2020-0030"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref5","first-page":"m4509","article-title":"Infection fatality risk for SARS-CoV-2 in community dwelling population of Spain: nationwide seroepidemiological study","volume":"371","author":"Pastor-Barriuso","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref15","unstructured":"15. Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare Japan (2020) List of information for local authorities and healthcare facilities (administrative notices, etc.) (novel coronavirus infections). https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/0000121431_00212.html (Accessed 6 July 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.21.21265133"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.26.2001214"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.075"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref22","unstructured":"22. WHO. WHO Revision of clinical case definitions: influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection. http:\/\/www.who.int\/bulletin\/volumes\/96\/2\/17-194514\/en\/ (Accessed 2 July 2019)."},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n693"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref6","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing","volume":"86","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.202999"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa507"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref4","unstructured":"4. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https:\/\/covid19.who.int (Accessed 4 July 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03429-2"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1470"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref26","unstructured":"26. Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology Japan. School Health and Safety Act. 2015; Published online: 2015."},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08919887211023588"},{"key":"S0950268821002569_ref24","unstructured":"24. R Core Team (2018) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268821002569","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T06:56:25Z","timestamp":1641797785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268821002569\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0950268821002569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268821002569","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.08.19.21262267","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use and\/or adaptation of the article.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e5"}}