{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:07:43Z","timestamp":1790708863029,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FUNDAUNA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Outbreaks caused by<jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic>and other chlamydial species have recently been reported in poultry farms worldwide, causing considerable economic losses. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of chlamydial species in these birds in Costa Rica. One hundred and fifty pools of lung tissue samples from industrial poultry with respiratory problems and 112 pools of tracheal swabs from asymptomatic backyard poultry were analysed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), end-point PCR and sequencing. A total of 16.8% (44\/262) samples were positive for<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>spp., most of them detected in asymptomatic backyard poultry (28.6%, 32\/112) and fewer in industrial poultry (8%, 12\/150). Of these positive samples, 45.5% (20\/44) were determined to be<jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>. For the first time<jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>genotype A is reported in poultry in Latin America. In addition, the presence of<jats:italic>Chlamydia gallinacea<\/jats:italic>in backyard poultry and of<jats:italic>Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:italic>in industrial and backyard poultry is reported for the first time in Central America. In 40.9% (18\/44) of the positive samples, it was not possible to identify the infecting chlamydial species. These findings reveal a zoonotic risk, particularly for poultry farm and slaughterhouse workers having direct contact with these birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268821002715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T07:19:56Z","timestamp":1645687196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Molecular characterization of<i>Chlamydia<\/i>species in commercial and backyard poultry farms in Costa Rica"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7774-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antony","family":"Solorzano-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9566-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaby","family":"Dolz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000047"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0072"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.5.1621-1625.1989"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref22","first-page":"123","article-title":"Detection and differentiation of Chlamydiae by nested PCR","volume":"216","author":"Sachse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.023499-0"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104922"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.02.025"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Test and Vaccines","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2211"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-014-0010-y"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2013.v3.i2.p135","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci genotype B in a pigeon (Columba livia) inhabiting a public place in San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica","volume":"3","author":"Dolz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref21","first-page":"406","article-title":"The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref14","article-title":"Chlamydia gallinacea, not C. psittaci, is the endemic chlamydial species in chicken (Gallus gallus)","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref28","unstructured":"28. Sims, LD (2006) Risks associated with poultry production systems. Poultry in the 21st Century, Asia Pacific Veterinary Information Services, Palm Cove, Australia, pp. 1\u201323. Available at https:\/\/www.fao.org\/AG\/againfo\/home\/events\/bangkok2007\/docs\/part2\/2_1.pdf."},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-63"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftu016"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001650"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/82948"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29421"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2020-0077"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001593613"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.064675-0"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref26","unstructured":"26. Origlia, J , Cadario, M and Arias, N (2016) Detecci\u00f3n molecular de Chlamydia gallinacea en aves comerciales de Argentina. XXIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Microbiolog\u00eda y XIV Congreso Argentino de Microbiolog\u00eda'At: Rosario, Argentina."},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref33","first-page":"340","article-title":"Risk assessment and management of Chlamydia psittaci in poultry processing plants","volume":"56","author":"Deschuyffeleer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Occupational Hygiene"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref10","unstructured":"10. CDC (2018) Multistate Psittacosis Outbreak among Poultry Plant Workers."},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190774"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.051633"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref15","article-title":"Molecular detection and genotyping of Chlamydia psittaci in captive psittacines from Costa Rica","volume":"142962","author":"Sheleby-El\u00edas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine International"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.070074"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref19","article-title":"BIOEDIT: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/ NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symposium Series"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3211-9.50009-7"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref29","first-page":"863","volume-title":"Diseases of poultry","author":"Andersen","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.575-580.1999"},{"key":"S0950268821002715_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2004-4_28"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268821002715","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T20:47:11Z","timestamp":1674852431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268821002715\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0950268821002715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268821002715","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e67"}}