{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T20:17:29Z","timestamp":1779135449508,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the devolved governments","award":["Surveillance contract SV3400 (Monitoring for statu"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Surveillance contract SV3400 (Monitoring for statu"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>The 2016\u201317 European outbreak of H5N8 HPAIV (Clade 2.3.4.4b) affected a wider range of avian species than the previous H5N8 outbreak (2014\u201315), including an incursion of H5N8 HPAIV into gamebirds in England. Natural infection of captive-reared pheasants (<jats:italic>Phasianus colchicus<\/jats:italic>) led to variable disease presentation; clinical signs included ruffled feathers, reluctance to move, bright green faeces, and\/or sudden mortality. Several birds exhibited neurological signs (nystagmus, torticollis, ataxia). Birds exhibiting even mild clinical signs maintained substantial levels of virus replication and shedding, with preferential shedding via the oropharyngeal route. Gross pathology was consistent with HPAIV, in gallinaceous species but diphtheroid plaques in oropharyngeal mucosa associated with necrotising stomatitis were novel but consistent findings. However, minimal or modest microscopic pathological lesions were detected despite the systemic dissemination of the virus. Serology results indicated differences in the timeframe of exposure for each case (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3). This supported epidemiological conclusions confirming that the movement of birds between sites and other standard husbandry practices with limited hygiene involved in pheasant rearing (including several fomite pathways) contributed to virus spread between premises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268821002740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T09:07:30Z","timestamp":1644484050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Incursion of H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) into gamebirds in England"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon M.","family":"Brookes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen L","family":"Mansfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9181-2172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott M.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivien","family":"Coward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Seekings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanis","family":"Brough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davina","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/8947-052909-Reg.1"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802499126"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref13","unstructured":"13. World Organisation for Animal Health (2021) Avian influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avain influenza viruses): Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, chapter 3.3.4. Available at https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/what-we-do\/standards\/codes-and-manuals\/terrestrial-manual-online-access\/."},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.161949"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985816671377"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.k128"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.165.18.531"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.10.014","article-title":"Transmission dynamics between infected waterfowl and terrestrial poultry: differences between the transmission and tropism of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4a) among ducks, chickens and turkeys","volume":"541","author":"Slomka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref12","unstructured":"12. European Commission (2010) Decision of 25 June 2010 on the implementation by Member States of surveillance programmes for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds. Official Journal of the European Union L166. 2010: 22\u201332. Available at http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2010.166.01.0022.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2010:166:TOC."},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2151-2161.2006"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00960-17"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/11900-051518-Reg.1"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009068"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.38-2-149"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2018.12.001"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0704-5"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.11.040"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/7674-063006R1.1"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref4","unstructured":"4. EU (European Union) (2021) Diagnostic manual for avian influenza [Internet]. Official Journal of European Union L237\/1 (31Aug). c2006 [cited 2021 September 07]. Available at https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32006D0437."},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2009.00083.x"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/7664-060906R1.1"},{"key":"S0950268821002740_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0636-x"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268821002740","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T11:24:38Z","timestamp":1646652278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268821002740\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["S0950268821002740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268821002740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Crown Copyright - Animal and Plant Health Agency, 2022. 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