{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:31:07Z","timestamp":1793691067451,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the cause of tuberculosis (TB), a granulomatous illness that mostly affects the lungs. Pakistan is one of the eight nations that accounts for two-thirds of all new cases of developing TB. TB has long been an endemic disease in Pakistan. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, the nation has over 500 000 incident TB infections per year, with a rising number of drug-resistant cases. Recently, the coexistence of COVID-19 and TB in Pakistan has provided doctors with a problem. Fever or chills, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing are all signs of COVID-19. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, cough might persist for weeks or months and it is frequently accompanied by persistent tiredness, cognitive impairment, dyspnoea or pain \u2013 a group of long-term consequences known as post-COVID syndrome or protracted COVID. Coughing with mucus or blood, and coughing that continues over 2 months are indications of TB. The same clinical presentation features make it difficult for healthcare personnel to effectively evaluate the illness and prevent the spread of these fatal diseases. Pakistan lacks the necessary healthcare resources to tackle two contagious diseases at the same time. To counteract the sudden increase in TB cases, appropriate management and effective policies must be implemented. Thus, in order to prevent the spread of these infectious diseases, it is critical to recognise and address the problems that the healthcare sector faces, as well as to create an atmosphere in which the healthcare sector can function at its full potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268822000358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T04:25:36Z","timestamp":1645503936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Tuberculosis amidst COVID-19 in Pakistan: a massive threat of overlapping crises for the fragile healthcare systems"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Hashir Ali","family":"Awan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Moiz","family":"Sahito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahnoor","family":"Sukaina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7233-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Govinda","family":"Khatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Summaiya","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Sohail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3871-889X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mehedi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemep.2021.100704"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref11","unstructured":"11. World Health Organization (2021) Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO). Pakistan, programme areas, tuberculosis. http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/pak\/programmes\/stop-tuberculosis.html (Accessed 11 October 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.034"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref24","article-title":"Perception of tuberculosis in Pakistan: findings of a nation-wide survey","author":"Sara Ijaz Gilani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2012.6.4.294"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0260-2020"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-021-00306-x"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.102740"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0358"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref12","unstructured":"12. World Health Organization (2021) The Global Health Observatory (GHO). TB: new and relapse cases; Pakistan. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/indicators\/indicator-details\/GHO\/tuberculosis---new-and-relapse-cases (Accessed 11 October 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref32","article-title":"Active tuberculosis, sequelae and COVID-19 co-infection: first cohort of 49 cases","volume":"56","author":"Tadolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.05.017"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0400"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26714"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.424"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3291"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0571"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00377-1"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13152"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref15","unstructured":"15. World Health Organization (2021) Tuberculosis deaths rise for the first time in more than a decade due to the COVID-19 pandemic. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/14-10-2021-tuberculosis-deaths-rise-for-the-first-time-in-more-than-a-decade-due-to-the-covid-19-pandemic (Accessed 4 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref25","first-page":"249","article-title":"Challenges faced by general practitioners in Pakistan in management of tuberculosis: a qualitative study","volume":"38","author":"Saima Perwaiz Iqbal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rawal Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref23","article-title":"The potential impact of COVID-19-related disruption on tuberculosis burden","volume":"56","author":"Finn McQuaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.230"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.03.026"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01708-2020"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref13","unstructured":"13. World Health Organization (2021) The Global Health Observatory (GHO). Provisional number of new and relapse TB cases per quarter, 2020 & 2021. https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/tb_pronto\/ (Accessed 11 October 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref9","article-title":"Rampant increase in cases of mucormycosis in India and Pakistan: a serious cause for concern during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Ghazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01022-x"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref4","unstructured":"4. World Health Organization (2021). Tuberculosis. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tuberculosis (Accessed 11 October 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3311"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2020.1437"},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref17","unstructured":"17. National TB Control Program, Pakistan. Resource Center (2021). https:\/\/ntp.gov.pk\/resource-center\/ (Accessed 11 October 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268822000358_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa109"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268822000358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T23:10:10Z","timestamp":1646089810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268822000358\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S0950268822000358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268822000358","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e41"}}