{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:12:05Z","timestamp":1785906725182,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":165,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from 20 years of<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>foodborne outbreaks, this study investigates significant trends in the proportion of outbreaks associated with 12 broad commodity groups. Outbreak counts are demonstrated to have a stronger trend signal than outbreak illness counts. The number of outbreaks with an identified food vehicle increased significantly between 1998 and 2000. This was followed by a 10-year period when the number of outbreaks decreased. The number of outbreaks increased significantly between 2010 and 2014 and then remained unchanged for the remainder of the study period. During the period of 1998 through 2017, the proportion of outbreaks for three commodities groups, consisting of eggs, pork and seeded vegetables, changed significantly. No significant changes were observed in the remaining nine commodity groups. Simple approximations are derived to highlight the effect of dependencies between outbreak proportions and a consumption analysis for meat and poultry is used to enhance the limited interpretability of the changes in these proportions. Given commodity-specific approaches to verifying food safety and promoting pathogen reduction, regulatory agencies benefit from analyses that elucidate illness trends attributable to the products under their jurisdiction. Results from this trend analysis can be used to inform the development and assessment of new pathogen reduction programmes in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268822001042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T08:50:57Z","timestamp":1655283057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Temporal changes in the proportion of<i>Salmonella<\/i>outbreaks associated with 12 food commodity groups in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9094-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Ebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks: United States, 1998\u20132002","volume":"55","author":"Lynch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815001193"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2324"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.140044"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.029"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref44","volume-title":"FoodNet Fast","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0369"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref1","volume-title":"Pathogen Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems; Final Rule","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref22","first-page":"1193","article-title":"Comparing disease characteristics of sporadic and outbreak foodborne illnesses","volume":"22","author":"Ebel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1896.0076","article-title":"Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. \u2013 on a form of spurious correlation which may arise when indices are used in the measurement of organs","volume":"60","author":"Pearson","year":"1897","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0564"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref19","volume-title":"Foodborne Illness Source Attribution Estimates for 2017 for Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter Using Multi-year Outbreak Surveillance Data, United States","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1107.040634"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2007.0002"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0272-4332.2004.00427.x"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-56.4.323"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref29","volume-title":"NORS Dashboard","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref23","volume-title":"Strategic Performance Working Group Salmonella Action Plan","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0951"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130482","article-title":"Acute gastroenteritis surveillance through the National Outbreak Reporting System, United States","volume":"19","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.02.018"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2489","article-title":"Chicken liver-associated outbreaks of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, United States, 2000\u20132016: identifying opportunities for prevention","volume":"15","author":"Lanier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"},{"key":"S0950268822001042_ref49","unstructured":"49. 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