{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:44:53Z","timestamp":1787924693085,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":198,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000023","name":"Government of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex problem that is a threat to global public health. Consumption of turkey meat may be an important source of foodborne exposure to resistant bacteria; recent outbreaks of multi-drug-resistant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Reading in Canada and the USA have implicated raw turkey products. To better understand the epidemiology of AMR in farmed turkey production, a scoping review was conducted. The objectives were to identify (1) modifiable factors potentially associated with antimicrobial-resistant <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> along the farm-to-fork pathway in turkeys, and (2) data gaps with respect to factors potentially associated with AMR and Canadian commercial turkey production. A comprehensive search of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted in 2019 and updated in 2021. Thirteen references were included, reporting 36 factors. Antimicrobial use factors and their potential associations with AMR were most frequently reported (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 15 factors; 42%), followed by biosecurity (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 11; 31%) and management practices (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10; 28%). This review revealed important data gaps; no factors pertaining to <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic> or to stages other than the farm (e.g. abattoir, retail) were identified, and only one Canadian reference was identified. These findings will inform priorities for future research and surveillance regarding turkeys and AMR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268822001224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:25:05Z","timestamp":1658107505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A scoping review of factors potentially linked with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from turkeys (iAM.AMR Project)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5767-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charly","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brennan","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Agunos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2712-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolee A.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4526-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Jane","family":"Parmley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Reid-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0956-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen P.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref57","unstructured":"57. Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada (2019) FoodNet Canada annual report 2018. 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Turkey Farmers of Canada (2021) 2020 annual report. Available at https:\/\/www.turkeyfarmersofcanada.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Annual-Report-2020-FINAL-English.pdf (Accessed 30 May 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2411"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref60","unstructured":"60. Canadian Turkey Marketing Agency c.o.b. Turkey Farmers of Canada (2022) 2021 annual report. Available at https:\/\/www.turkeyfarmersofcanada.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Annual-Report-2021-English-FINAL.pdf (Accessed 30 May 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref23","unstructured":"23. World Health Organization (WHO) (2019) Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine 6th revision 2018. 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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Hadar infections associated with turkey burgers (final update). Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/2011\/turkey-burger-4-4-2011.html (Accessed 27 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101759"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref22","unstructured":"22. Government of Canada (2020) Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) 2018: figures and tables. Available at https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2020\/aspc-phac\/HP2-4-2018-eng-4.pdf (Accessed 27 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202286"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref2","unstructured":"2. Council of Canadian Academies, The Expert Panel on the Potential Socio-Economic Impacts of Antimicrobial Resistance in Canada (2019) When antibiotics fail. Available at https:\/\/cca-reports.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/When-Antibiotics-Fail-1.pdf (Accessed 27 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.567872"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref30","unstructured":"30. Chicken Farmers of Canada (2018) AMU strategy, a prescription for change. Available at http:\/\/www.chickenfarmers.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/AMU-Magazine_ENG_web-2.pdf (Accessed 30 May 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819001778"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3600-3607.2006"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh508"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.02.018"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref7","unstructured":"7. Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada (2015) Federal action plan on antimicrobial resistance and use in Canada: building on the federal framework for action. Available at https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/canada\/health-canada\/migration\/healthy-canadians\/alt\/pdf\/publications\/drugs-products-medicaments-produits\/antibiotic-resistance-antibiotique\/action-plan-daction-eng.pdf (Accessed 27 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref63","unstructured":"63. Aviagen Turkeys (2015) Management guidelines: breeder turkeys. Available at https:\/\/www.aviagenturkeys.us\/uploads\/2015\/12\/21\/Aviagen Breeder Guide 2015.pdf (Accessed 27 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01107"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref55","unstructured":"55. Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada (2020) National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP) annual summary 2019. Available at https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2021\/aspc-phac\/HP37-15-2019-eng.pdf (Accessed 27 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1390"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.622495"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref47","first-page":"49","article-title":"Drug use and antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates from chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered in Quebec, Canada","volume":"80","author":"Boulianne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1123"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref12","unstructured":"12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) Outbreak of Salmonella infections linked to Butterball brand ground turkey. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/schwarzengrund-03-19\/index.html (Accessed 27 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su10113967"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252317000111"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108559"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref24","unstructured":"24. Health Canada: Veterinary Drugs Directorate (2009) Categorization of antimicrobial drugs based on importance in human medicine. Available at https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/drugs-health-products\/veterinary-drugs\/antimicrobial-resistance\/categorization-antimicrobial-drugs-based-importance-human-medicine.html (Accessed 27 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9111661"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref62","unstructured":"62. Government of Canada (2017) Food and Drugs Act: regulations amending the Food and Drug Regulations (veterinary drugs \u2013 antimicrobial resistance), Vol. 151, No. 10. Available at https:\/\/canadagazette.gc.ca\/rp-pr\/p2\/2017\/2017-05-17\/html\/sor-dors76-eng.html (Accessed 30 May 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref61","unstructured":"61. Government of Canada (2021) Responsible use of medically important antimicrobials in animals. Available at https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/antibiotic-antimicrobial-resistance\/animals\/actions\/responsible-use-antimicrobials.html (Accessed 30 May 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.558455"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref10","unstructured":"10. Government of Canada (2020) Public health notice \u2013 outbreak of Salmonella illnesses linked to raw turkey and raw chicken. Available at https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/public-health-notices\/2018\/outbreak-salmonella-illnesses-raw-turkey-raw-chicken.html (Accessed 27 February 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04765.x"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071159"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2020.2815"},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref38","unstructured":"38. Primeau, CA (2020) Exploring the contributions of genotypic, phenotypic, social and qualitative data sources to our understanding of antimicrobial resistance in Canada (thesis). Guelph, ON, Canada: University of Guelph, 314 pp."},{"key":"S0950268822001224_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12515"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268822001224","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T12:23:32Z","timestamp":1661171012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268822001224\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S0950268822001224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268822001224","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 CROWN Copyright-Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as Represented by the Minister of Health, 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e153"}}