{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:14:09Z","timestamp":1790763249235,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":80,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Rabies virus (RABV) is a deadly zoonosis that circulates in wild carnivore populations in North America. Intensive management within the USA and Canada has been conducted to control the spread of the raccoon (<jats:italic>Procyon lotor<\/jats:italic>) variant of RABV and work towards elimination. We examined RABV occurrence across the northeastern USA and southeastern Qu\u00e9bec, Canada during 2008\u20132018 using a multi-method, dynamic occupancy model. Using a 10 km \u00d7 10 km grid overlaid on the landscape, we examined the probability that a grid cell was occupied with RABV and relationships with management activities (oral rabies vaccination (ORV) and trap-vaccinate-release efforts), habitat, neighbour effects and temporal trends. We compared raccoon RABV detection probabilities between different surveillance samples (e.g. animals that are strange acting, road-kill, public health samples). The management of RABV through ORV was found to be the greatest driver in reducing the occurrence of rabies on the landscape. Additionally, RABV occupancy declined further with increasing duration of ORV baiting programmes. Grid cells north of ORV management were at or near elimination (<jats:inline-formula>\n\t      <jats:alternatives>\n\t\t<jats:tex-math>$\\hat{\\psi }_{{\\rm north}}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n\t\t<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"png\" xlink:href=\"S095026882300047X_inline1.png\"\/>\n\t      <\/jats:alternatives>\n\t    <\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.00, <jats:sc>s.e<\/jats:sc>. = 0.15), managed areas had low RABV occupancy (<jats:inline-formula>\n\t      <jats:alternatives>\n\t\t<jats:tex-math>$\\hat{\\psi }_{{\\rm managed}}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n\t\t<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"png\" xlink:href=\"S095026882300047X_inline2.png\"\/>\n\t      <\/jats:alternatives>\n\t    <\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.20, <jats:sc>s.e<\/jats:sc>. = 0.29) and enzootic areas had the highest level of RABV occupancy (<jats:inline-formula>\n\t      <jats:alternatives>\n\t\t<jats:tex-math>$\\hat{\\psi }_{{\\rm south}}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n\t\t<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"png\" xlink:href=\"S095026882300047X_inline3.png\"\/>\n\t      <\/jats:alternatives>\n\t    <\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.83, <jats:sc>s.e<\/jats:sc>. = 0.06). These results provide evidence that past management actions have been being successful at the goals of reducing and controlling the raccoon variant of RABV. At a finer scale we also found that vaccine bait type and bait density impacted RABV occupancy. Detection probabilities varied; samples from strange acting animals and public health had the highest detection rates. Our results support the movement of the ORV zone south within the USA due to high elimination probabilities along the US border with Qu\u00e9bec. Additional enhanced rabies surveillance is still needed to ensure elimination is maintained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095026882300047x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T03:36:30Z","timestamp":1679456190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Raccoon rabies control and elimination in the northeastern USA and southern Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-9753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy J.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Gagnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"Mass\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordona D.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0057-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fehlner-Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy T.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091795"},{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01509.x"},{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2011-11-342"},{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2020013"},{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref33","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference- A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham","year":"2002"},{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v42i06a03"},{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref20","volume-title":"Laboratory Techniques in Rabies Volume 1","author":"Abela-Ridder","year":"2018"},{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809145106"},{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.1.71"},{"key":"S095026882300047X_ref28","unstructured":"28. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e62"}}